Security HTTP Response Headers

你可以使用 Security HTTP Response Headers 来提高 Web 应用程序的安全性。此部分专门讨论 Security HTTP 响应头的基于服务的支持。

Default Security Headers

Spring Security 提供一个 default set of Security HTTP Response Headers 来提供安全的默认值。虽然每个头都可认为是最佳实践，但应注意并非所有客户端都使用这些头，因此建议进行其他测试。

你可以自定义特定标头。例如，假设你希望设置默认值，但希望为 X-Frame-Options 指定 SAMEORIGIN。

你可以使用以下配置来实现：

Customize Default Security Headers

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
					.sameOrigin()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options policy="SAMEORIGIN" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    sameOrigin = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

如果你不希望添加默认值并希望明确控制应该使用什么，你可以禁用默认值。以下代码清单展示了如何执行此操作。

如果你使用 Spring Security 的配置，以下仅会添加 Cache Control ：

Customize Cache Control Headers

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				// do not use any default headers unless explicitly listed
				.defaultsDisabled()
				.cacheControl(withDefaults())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers defaults-disabled="true">
		<cache-control/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                // do not use any default headers unless explicitly listed
                defaultsDisabled = true
                cacheControl {
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

如有必要，你可以使用以下配置禁用所有 HTTP 安全性响应头：

Disable All HTTP Security Headers

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers.disable());
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers disabled="true" />
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {
    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                disable()
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Cache Control

Spring Security 默认包含 Cache Control 头。

但是，如果你实际上想缓存特定响应，你的应用程序可以选择性地调用 link:https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/6/api/javax/servlet/http/HttpServletResponse.html#setHeader(java.lang.String,java.lang.String)[HttpServletResponse.setHeader(String,String) 来覆盖 Spring Security 设置的头。你可以使用此操作来确保内容（例如 CSS、JavaScript 和图像）得到正常缓存。

当您使用 Spring Web MVC 时，这通常在您的配置中完成。您可以在 Spring 参考文档的 Static Resources 部分中找到如何执行此操作的详细信息。

如有必要，你还可以禁用 Spring Security 的缓存控制 HTTP 响应头。

Cache Control Disabled

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.cacheControl(cache -> cache.disable())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<cache-control disabled="true"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
       http {
            headers {
                cacheControl {
                    disable()
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Content Type Options

Spring Security 默认包含 Content-Type 头。但是，你可以禁用它：

Content Type Options Disabled

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentTypeOptions(contentTypeOptions -> contentTypeOptions.disable())
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-type-options disabled="true"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
       http {
            headers {
                contentTypeOptions {
                    disable()
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)

默认情况下，Spring Security 提供 Strict Transport Security 头。然而，你可以明确自定义结果。以下示例明确提供了 HSTS：

Strict Transport Security

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.httpStrictTransportSecurity(hsts -> hsts
					.includeSubDomains(true)
					.preload(true)
					.maxAgeInSeconds(31536000)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<hsts
			include-subdomains="true"
			max-age-seconds="31536000"
			preload="true" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                httpStrictTransportSecurity {
                    includeSubDomains = true
                    preload = true
                    maxAgeInSeconds = 31536000
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

HTTP Public Key Pinning (HPKP)

Spring Security 提供 HTTP Public Key Pinning 的服务支持，但它是 no longer recommended 。

你可以使用以下配置启用 HPKP 头：

HTTP Public Key Pinning

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.httpPublicKeyPinning(hpkp -> hpkp
					.includeSubDomains(true)
					.reportUri("https://example.net/pkp-report")
					.addSha256Pins("d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=", "E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<hpkp
			include-subdomains="true"
			report-uri="https://example.net/pkp-report">
			<pins>
				<pin algorithm="sha256">d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=</pin>
				<pin algorithm="sha256">E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=</pin>
			</pins>
		</hpkp>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                httpPublicKeyPinning {
                    includeSubDomains = true
                    reportUri = "https://example.net/pkp-report"
                    pins = mapOf("d6qzRu9zOECb90Uez27xWltNsj0e1Md7GkYYkVoZWmM=" to "sha256",
                            "E9CZ9INDbd+2eRQozYqqbQ2yXLVKB9+xcprMF+44U1g=" to "sha256")
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

X-Frame-Options

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器使用 X-Frame-Options 阻止反射 XSS 攻击。

例如，以下配置指定 Spring Security 不再指示浏览器阻止内容：

X-Frame-Options: SAMEORIGIN

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions
					.sameOrigin()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options
		policy="SAMEORIGIN" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    sameOrigin = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

X-XSS-Protection

默认情况下，Spring Security 指示浏览器使用 <<headers-xss-protection,X-XSS-Protection 头> 来禁用 XSS 审核员。但是，你可以更改此默认值。例如，以下配置指定 Spring Security 指示兼容浏览器启用筛选，并阻止内容：

X-XSS-Protection Customization

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.xssProtection(xss -> xss
					.headerValue(XXssProtectionHeaderWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<xss-protection headerValue="1; mode=block"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        // ...
        http {
            headers {
                xssProtection {
                    headerValue = XXssProtectionHeaderWriter.HeaderValue.ENABLED_MODE_BLOCK
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Content Security Policy (CSP)

Spring Security 默认情况下并不添加 Content Security Policy ，因为在不知道应用程序的上下文的情况下不可能知道一个合理的默认值。Web 应用程序作者必须声明要实施或在受保护资源进行监视的安全策略（或策略）。

考虑以下安全策略：

Content Security Policy Example

Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/

鉴于之前的安全策略，你可以启用 CSP 头：

Content Security Policy

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
					.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-security-policy
			policy-directives="script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                contentSecurityPolicy {
                    policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

要启用 CSP report-only 头，请提供以下配置：

Content Security Policy Report Only

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.contentSecurityPolicy(csp -> csp
					.policyDirectives("script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/")
					.reportOnly()
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<content-security-policy
			policy-directives="script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
			report-only="true" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                contentSecurityPolicy {
                    policyDirectives = "script-src 'self' https://trustedscripts.example.com; object-src https://trustedplugins.example.com; report-uri /csp-report-endpoint/"
                    reportOnly = true
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Referrer Policy

Spring Security 默认情况下并不添加 Referrer Policy 头。你可以使用配置启用引用人策略头：

Referrer Policy

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.referrerPolicy(referrer -> referrer
					.policy(ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN)
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<referrer-policy policy="same-origin" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                referrerPolicy {
                    policy = ReferrerPolicy.SAME_ORIGIN
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Feature Policy

Spring Security 默认情况下并不添加 Feature Policy 头。考虑以下 Feature-Policy 头：

Feature-Policy Example

Feature-Policy: geolocation 'self'

你可以使用以下配置启用之前的特性策略头：

Feature-Policy

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<feature-policy policy-directives="geolocation 'self'" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                featurePolicy("geolocation 'self'")
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Permissions Policy

Spring Security 默认情况下并不添加 Permissions Policy 头。考虑以下 Permissions-Policy 头：

Permissions-Policy Example

Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(self)

你可以使用以下配置启用之前的权限策略代码：

Permissions-Policy

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.permissionsPolicy(permissions -> permissions
					.policy("geolocation=(self)")
				)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<permissions-policy policy="geolocation=(self)" />
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                permissionPolicy {
                    policy = "geolocation=(self)"
                }
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Clear Site Data

Spring Security 在默认情况下不会添加 Clear-Site-Data 标头。考虑一下以下 Clear-Site-Data 标头：

Clear-Site-Data Example

Clear-Site-Data: "cache", "cookies"

你可以使用以下配置在注销时发送之前的头：

Clear-Site-Data

Java
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.logout((logout) -> logout
                .addLogoutHandler(new HeaderWriterLogoutHandler(new ClearSiteDataHeaderWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            logout {
                addLogoutHandler(HeaderWriterLogoutHandler(ClearSiteDataHeaderWriter(CACHE, COOKIES)))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Custom Headers

Spring Security 具有机制，便于将更常见的安全头添加到应用程序中。但是，它还提供钩子以启用添加自定义头。

Static Headers

有时，你可能希望将开箱即用不支持的自定义安全头注入应用程序中。考虑以下自定义安全头：

X-Custom-Security-Header: header-value

鉴于之前的头，你可以使用以下配置将头添加到响应中：

StaticHeadersWriter

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.addHeaderWriter(new StaticHeadersWriter("X-Custom-Security-Header","header-value"))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<header name="X-Custom-Security-Header" value="header-value"/>
	</headers>
</http>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                addHeaderWriter(StaticHeadersWriter("X-Custom-Security-Header","header-value"))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

Headers Writer

当命名空间或 Java 配置不支持你想要的头时，你可以创建一个自定义 HeadersWriter 实例，甚至提供 HeadersWriter 的自定义实现。

下一个示例使用 XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter 的自定义实例。如果你想显式配置 X-Frame-Options，可以通过以下配置完成：

Headers Writer

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.addHeaderWriter(new XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsMode.SAMEORIGIN))
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<header ref="frameOptionsWriter"/>
	</headers>
</http>
<!-- Requires the c-namespace.
See https://docs.spring.io/spring/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/htmlsingle/#beans-c-namespace
-->
<beans:bean id="frameOptionsWriter"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.frameoptions.XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter"
	c:frameOptionsMode="SAMEORIGIN"/>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        http {
            // ...
            headers {
                addHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter(XFrameOptionsMode.SAMEORIGIN))
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}

DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter

有时，你可能只想为某些请求编写头。例如，你可能只想保护你的登录页面不被框架。你可以使用 DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter 来做到这一点。

以下配置示例使用 DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter：

DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter Java Configuration

Java
XML
Kotlin

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
public class WebSecurityConfig {

	@Bean
	public SecurityFilterChain filterChain(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
		RequestMatcher matcher = new AntPathRequestMatcher("/login");
		DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter headerWriter =
			new DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter(matcher,new XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter());
		http
			// ...
			.headers(headers -> headers
				.frameOptions(frameOptions -> frameOptions.disable())
				.addHeaderWriter(headerWriter)
			);
		return http.build();
	}
}

<http>
	<!-- ... -->

	<headers>
		<frame-options disabled="true"/>
		<header ref="headerWriter"/>
	</headers>
</http>

<beans:bean id="headerWriter"
	class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter">
	<beans:constructor-arg>
		<bean class="org.springframework.security.web.util.matcher.AntPathRequestMatcher"
			c:pattern="/login"/>
	</beans:constructor-arg>
	<beans:constructor-arg>
		<beans:bean
			class="org.springframework.security.web.header.writers.frameoptions.XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter"/>
	</beans:constructor-arg>
</beans:bean>

@Configuration
@EnableWebSecurity
class SecurityConfig {

    @Bean
    open fun filterChain(http: HttpSecurity): SecurityFilterChain {
        val matcher: RequestMatcher = AntPathRequestMatcher("/login")
        val headerWriter = DelegatingRequestMatcherHeaderWriter(matcher, XFrameOptionsHeaderWriter())
       http {
            headers {
                frameOptions {
                    disable()
                }
                addHeaderWriter(headerWriter)
            }
        }
        return http.build()
    }
}