Computer Fundamentals 简明教程

Computer - Hardware

What is Computer Hardware?

硬件是计算机的外围设备，用于组装系统。硬件设备主要包括计算机输入输出设备、内存和 CPU。通常，硬件是计算机的内部和外部组件，允许你完成主要功能，如输入、输出、存储、通信和处理。

Hardware is the computer’s peripheral devices which are used to assemble the system. Hardware devices majorly include computer input-output devices, memory, and CPU. Generally, Hardware is the internal and external components of a computer that allow you to accomplish major functions such as input, output, storage, communication, and processing.

一些最常见的计算机硬件示例是 −

Some most common examples of computer hardware are −

  1. Input / Output devices like Keyboard, mouse, & monitor

  2. The central processing unit (CPU)

  3. Motherboard

  4. Random access memory (RAM)

  5. Storage drive (HDD or SSD)

  6. Graphics processing unit (GPU)

计算机硬件是计算机外设的总称。硬件是指系统的有形设备，可以物理地看到、触摸并了解其结构。这些是计算机运行的必要组成部分。计算机硬件内部或外部连接到系统，具体取决于物理组件位于系统内部还是外部。通常，内部硬件对于计算机的功能至关重要，而外部硬件则会改善其使用或功能。内部计算机硬件可以是显卡、内存或中央处理器（CPU），而外部计算机硬件可以包括键盘或鼠标。

Computer hardware is an umbrella term for computer peripherals. Hardware refers to tangible devices of the system that can physically see, touch and understand its structure. These are the essential components for a computer to work on. Computer hardware is attached to the system internally or externally, depending on whether the physical component is located within or outside of the system. Generally, internal hardware is essential for the computer to function, whereas external hardware improves its use or functionality. Internal computer hardware can be a video card, memory, or the central processing unit (CPU), whereas exterior computer hardware can include a keyboard or mouse.

Types of Computer Hardware

有两种类型的计算机硬件 −

There are two types of computer hardware −

  1. Internal hardware

  2. External hardware

Internal Hardware

内部硬件是连接在计算机内部的计算机外设。它们包括主板、硬盘驱动器和 DDR（RAM）。以下图像 是计算机硬件的核心示例。

Internal hardware is the computer peripherals which are connected inside the computer. These include motherboards, hard drives, and DDR (RAM). The following images are the core examples of computer hardware.

internal hardware

External Hardware

外部硬件是外部连接到计算机系统的计算机外设。外部硬件包括显示器、键盘、打印机和扫描仪。

External hardware is the computer peripherals which are connected to the computer system externally. External hardware includes monitors, keyboards, printers, and scanners.

external hardware

Functions of Computer Hardware

通常，计算机硬件的功能取决于硬件设备，如输入、输出以及处理和存储设备。计算机系统中的硬件功能包括广泛的操作，这些操作让机器能够有效地完成其任务。这些功能通常被分为不同的类别，每个类别由一组独特的硬件组件处理。

Generally, functions of computer hardware depend on hardware units like input, output, and processing and storage units. Hardware functions in a computer system include a wide range of operations that allow the machine to complete its tasks efficiently. These functions are often separated into different categories, each handled by a unique set of hardware components.

以下是计算机硬件的一些主要功能 −

Below are some of the key functions of the computer hardware’s −

  1. Input hardware facilitates users to input the data into the system A keyboard is used to type text, a Mouse to select an option by clicking on it, a scanner to scan images or pages etc.

  2. Output hardware produces the output into human understandable forms like a Monitor is used to display the output on the screen, a Printer to print output in the form of hard copy, speakers used to produce audio sound and projectors are used to project visual output on larger surfaces.

  3. Processing hardware like processors executes programs or instructions and performs calculations or does computations.

  4. Storage hardware like memory devices stores data to retain for future use. RAM for temporary storage and HDD to store data permanently.

  5. Communication hardware devices enable users to data exchange between multiple devices over the computer network. These include Network Interface Card (NIC), Modem, and Bluetooth and Wi-Fi Adapters.

  6. Control hardware manages and directs the operations of different components attached to the system. It includes a Motherboard, Power Supply Unit (PSU) and BIOS/UEFI.