Computer Fundamentals 简明教程

Types of Computer Ports

What are Computer Ports?

计算机端口是计算机的物理对接点，用户可以方便地将所需的外部设备连接到计算机或计算机网络。充当计算机与鼠标、打印机、调制解调器等外部设备之间的接口的连接点称为端口。端口有两种 −

The computer ports are physical docking points of a computer that facilitate users to connect required external devices to the computer or computer network. A connection point that acts as an interface between the computer and external devices like a mouse, printer, modem, etc. is called a port. Ports are of two types −

  1. Internal port − It connects the motherboard to internal devices like hard disk drives, CD drives, internal modems, etc.

  2. External port − It connects the motherboard to external devices like modem, mouse, printer, flash drives, etc.

通过计算机网络的扩展或多个外围设备之间的互联通过计算机端口进行，网络连接开始和结束。通常，端口是计算机硬件，它们基于软件，这意味着它们由软件程序（如操作系统）操作

Expansion of a computer network or interconnection between multiple peripheral devices was possible through computer ports where network connections start and end. Generally, Ports are computer hardware which are software-based means they are operated by a software program like an operating system.

下图给出了端口是什么样子的想法 −

The below image gives an idea about what ports are look like −

ports

图：一些最常用的计算机/网络端口

Fig: Some most commonly used computer/ networking ports

通常，端口是可以让信息从程序流向计算机或通过互联网的连接点

Generally, ports are docking points through which information flows from a program to the computer or over the Internet.

Working Principles of Computer Ports

计算机端口是计算机或设备上的有形或虚拟连接器，可连接外部设备、外围设备或网络。它们使计算机和外部设备之间能够交换信息

Computer ports are tangible or virtual connectors on a computer or device that provide connectivity to external devices, peripherals, or networks. They enable the exchange of information between the computer and external devices.

一些常见计算机端口的功能或工作原理如下 −

The functions or working principles of some common computer ports are as follows −

ports one

图：计算机端口的功能

Fig: Functions of computer ports

Thunderbolt − 这些允许以高速连接诸如外部存储器、显示器和扩展坞之类的外围设备。由英特尔和苹果公司联合推出的雷电端口允许快速传输数据，并支持携带电源和视频。USB-C 接头经常与雷电 3 端口一起使用。

Thunderbolt − These allow peripherals such as external storage, monitors and docking stations to be connected at high speed. Thunderbolt ports, which were created by Intel and Apple, allow for fast data transfer as well as the carrying of power and video. USB-C connectors are frequently used with Thunderbolt 3 ports.

Thunderbolt

Physical Connection i. Ports are physical sockets ii. Fixes on computer or devices to plug cables or connectors from external devices iii. Cables have connectors at both ends, one to fit into the port on the computer and the other to fit into the external device.

Data Transfer i. Once the device connected to a port, data can be transferred between the computer and the device. ii. Allows transferring files to and from external storage devices iii. Sending and receiving data over a network connection iv. Streaming audio and video to external devices.

Communication Protocols i. Port uses specific communication protocols to transfer data ii. For example, USB, which offers different data transfer speeds and capabilities, uses protocols such as USB 3.0, USB 3.0C, and USB 2.0C, each of which offers different data transfer speeds and capabilities.

Device Recognition i. The device is recognised by the computer and drivers and automatically install drivers or configure settings to support it For example, when we connect a USB mouse, the system detects it automaticall and enables pointer control.

Power Supply i. Ports provide power to connected devices. For example Smartphones, tablets, and USB accessories can be powered using USB ports without an adapter.

总体而言，计算机端口允许计算机与外部设备和外围设备通信并传输数据。

Overall, Computer ports allow the computer to communicate and transfer data with external devices and peripherals.

Characteristics of Ports

端口具有以下特点： −

A port has the following characteristics −

  1. External devices are connected to a computer using cables and ports.

  2. Ports are slots on the motherboard into which a cable of the external device is plugged in.

  3. Examples of external devices attached via ports are the mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone, speakers, etc.

ports three

现在，让我们讨论一些重要的端口类型 −

Let us now discuss a few important types of ports −

Serial Port

过去，它用于连接不同设备，包括调制解调器、鼠标和打印机；但由于 USB 的普及，它已在现代计算机中完全过时。串行端口将数据顺序传输，一次传输一位。为了实现相同目的，这些端口需要一根线缆来传输 8 位。但是，这样做会使通信速度变慢。串行端口通常具有 9 针或 25 针公头连接器。它们还称为 COM（通信）端口或 RS323C 端口。

In the past, it was used to connect different devices which includes modems, mice, and printers; however, due to the prominence of USB, it has become completely obsolete in modern computers. Serial ports transmit data sequentially means one bit at a time. To do the same, these ports require one cable to transmit 8 bits. However, this makes slower communication. Serial ports are usually having 9-pin or 25-pin male connectors. They are also known as COM (communication) ports or RS323C ports.

ports four

总体而言，串行端口充当端口，它 −

Overall, serial ports act as a port which is −

  1. Used for external modems and older computer mice

  2. Two versions: 9-pin, 25 pin model

  3. Data travels at 115 kilobits per second

Parallel Ports

另一个较早的端口，主要用于连接打印机和其他用于外部存储的设备；与串行端口类似，并行端口在现代计算机上也很少见。并行端口一次可以发送或接收 8 位或 1 字节。并行端口采用 25 针母接针形式，用于连接打印机、扫描仪、外部硬盘驱动器等。

Another older port that is primarily used for connecting printers and other devices that are used for external storage; like serial ports, parallel ports are rarely found on modern computers. Parallel ports can send or receive 8 bits or 1 byte at a time. Parallel ports come in the form of 25-pin female pins and are used to connect printers, scanners, external hard disk drives, etc.

ports five

  1. Used for scanners and printers

  2. Also called a printer port

  3. 25 pin model

  4. IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

PS/2 Port

PS/2 是个人系统/2 的缩写。它是一个连接到公头迷你 DIN 线缆的母头 6 针端口标准。PS/2 由 IBM 引入，用于将输入/输出外围设备连接到个人电脑。用于在较早一代的计算机上创建键盘和鼠标之间的连接。PS/2 端口呈圆形，键盘为紫色，鼠标为绿色。

PS/2 stands for Personal System/2. It is a female 6-pin port standard that connects to the male mini-DIN cable. PS/2 was introduced by IBM to connect Input/output peripherals to personal computers. Used to create a connection between keyboards and mice on computers that is of an earlier generation. PS/2 ports have a circular shape, and they are coloured purple for keyboards and green for mice.

该端口现在已基本淘汰，但某些兼容 IBM 的系统可能具备此端口。

This port is now mostly obsolete, though some systems compatible with IBM may have this port.

ports six

  1. Used for old computer keyboard and mouse

  2. Also called the mouse port

  3. Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 ports, each for the mouse and keyboard

  4. IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port

USB 代表通用串行总线。它是用于短距离数字数据连接的行业标准。它是用于连接附件（包括外部硬盘、打印机、鼠标、键盘等）最流行的端口之一。USB 端口有多种类型和尺寸，例如微型 USB、USB-A、USB-B 和 USB-C。 USB 端口是一个标准化端口，用于连接打印机、照相机、键盘、扬声器等各种设备。

USB stands for Universal Serial Bus. It is the industry standard for short-distance digital data connection. It is one of the most popular ports for connecting accessories, including external hard drives, printers, mice, keyboards, and more. There are different types and sizes of USB ports, such as micro-USB, USB-A, USB-B, and USB-C.USB port is a standardized port to connect a variety of devices like printers, cameras, keyboards, speakers, etc.

ports seven

总体而言，USB 端口充当端口，它 −

Overall, a USB port acts as a port which is −

  1. It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disks, printers, scanners, mice, keyboards, etc.

  2. It was introduced in 1997.

  3. Most of the computers provide two USB ports as a minimum.

  4. Data travels at 12 megabits per second.

  5. USB-compliant devices can get power from a USB port.

VGA (Video Graphics Array) Port

在 DVI、HDMI 和 DisplayPort 出现之前，VGA 已经投入使用，它是计算机和显示器之间的模拟接口。这是一项由 IBM 于 1987 年开发的显示标准；VGA 以更小的分辨率和更少的颜色取代了现有的数字 CGA 和 EGA 接口。标准 VGA 在刷新率为 60 Hz、分辨率为 640 × 480 的 16 色显示屏上运行。如果分辨率降低到 320 x 200，则可以显示 256 种颜色。如今，它已不再使用，较旧的个人电脑和显示器具有此视频端口。HDMI 和 DisplayPort 等数字连接正在取代它。

Before the development of DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort, VGA was in use; it’s an analogue interface between a computer and the monitor. It’s a display standard developed by IBM in 1987; VGA replaced the existing digital CGA and EGA interfaces with a smaller resolution and fewer colours. A standard VGA works on 16-color displays with a refresh rate of 60 Hz and a resolution of 640 × 480. There are 256 colours shown if the resolution is lowered to 320 x 200. Nowadays, it’s not in use, older PCs and displays have this video port. Digital connections like HDMI and DisplayPort are replacing it.

ports eight

总体而言，VGA 端口充当端口 −

Overall, a VGA port acts as a port that −

  1. Connects monitor to a computer’s video card.

  2. It has 15 holes.

  3. Similar to the serial port connector. However, the serial port connector has pins, VGA port has holes.

电源连接器是为了仅供电给设备的，它允许电流通过它们。

For the sole purpose of supplying power to a device, power connectors are devices that allow an electrical current to pass through them.

ports nine

计算机或其他电子设备可以通过其电源端口从电池充电并从墙上插座获得电源。由于台式电脑没有电池，因此如果不将电源线插到电源端口，就不能将其打开。笔记本电脑等设备中的电池在电池充电的情况下，即使没有任何东西插入电源端口，也可以工作。

It is possible for a computer or other electronic device to charge its battery and get power from a wall outlet through its power port. Since desktop computers don’t have batteries, they can’t be turned on without a power cord plugged into the power port. The battery in a device like a laptop can work even if nothing is plugged into the power port as long as the battery is charged.

总体来看，电源连接器端口作为一个端口，可

Overall, a power connectors port acts as a port which is a

  1. Three-pronged plug.

  2. Connects to the computer’s power cable that plugs into a power bar or wall socket.

Firewire Port

通常利用具有高数据传输速率的接口来连接数码摄像机、外置硬盘和其他多媒体设备。USB 和雷雳已基本取代它。因此，FireWire 是一个高速计算机数据传输接口，用于连接个人计算机、音频和视频设备以及其他专业和消费类电子产品。

An interface with a high data transfer rate is generally utilized for connecting digital camcorders, external hard drives, and other multimedia equipment. USB and Thunderbolt have mostly superseded it. Hence, a FireWire is a high-speed computer data transfer interface that is used to connect personal computers, audio and video devices, as well as other professional and consumer electronic products.

ports ten

总体来看，FireWire 端口作为一个端口，可

Overall, a FireWire port acts as a port which is a

  1. Transfers large amounts of data at a very fast speed.

  2. Connects camcorders and video equipment to the computer.

  3. Data travels at 400 to 800 megabits per second.

  4. Invented by Apple.

  5. It has three variants: 4-Pin FireWire 400 connector, 6-Pin FireWire 400 connector, and 9-Pin FireWire 800 connector.

Ethernet Port

以插口或插座形式存在的以太网端口是一个用于在通勤设备上访问互联网的端口。支持有线网络连接，通常用于将电脑连接到路由器、交换机和调制解调器，以实现互联网接入。它就像以太网线缆插入的计算机网络设备一样。此端口的主要目的是在以太网 LAN、MAN 或广域 WAN 中连接有线网络硬件。

An Ethernet port also known as a jack or socket is a port used to access the internet on commuter. Enables wired network connections, which are normally used for connecting computers to routers, switches and modems that allow Internet access. It’s like computer network equipment that Ethernet cables plug into. The main goal of this port is to connect wired network hardware in an Ethernet LAN, MAN, or wide WAN.

ports eleven

  1. Connects to a network and high-speed Internet.

  2. Connects the network cable to a computer.

  3. This port resides on an Ethernet Card.

  4. Data travels at 10 megabits to 1000 megabits per second depending upon the network bandwidth.

SD Card Slot

SD 卡插槽是通常在台式电脑和笔记本电脑上看到的常见功能端口。

SD card slots are frequent functionality ports generally seen on desktop computers and laptops.

ports twelve

这些插槽使用户可以插入 SD 内存卡，这些卡通常用于数码相机和其他便携设备。

These slots enable users to insert SD memory cards, which are typically utilized in digital cameras and other portable devices.