Cryptography With Python 简明教程

Creating RSA Keys

在本章中，我们将重点介绍使用 Python 逐步实现 RSA 算法。

In this chapter, we will focus on step wise implementation of RSA algorithm using Python.

Generating RSA keys

涉及生成 RSA 密钥的步骤如下：

The following steps are involved in generating RSA keys −

  1. Create two large prime numbers namely p and q. The product of these numbers will be called n, where n= p*q

  2. Generate a random number which is relatively prime with (p-1) and (q-1). Let the number be called as e.

  3. Calculate the modular inverse of e. The calculated inverse will be called as d.

Algorithms for generating RSA keys

我们需要两个主算法才能使用 Python 生成 RSA 密钥—— Cryptomath module * and *Rabin Miller module 。

We need two primary algorithms for generating RSA keys using Python − Cryptomath module * and *Rabin Miller module.

Cryptomath Module

遵循 RSA 算法的所有基本实现的 Cryptomath 模块的源代码如下：

The source code of cryptomath module which follows all the basic implementation of RSA algorithm is as follows −

def gcd(a, b):
   while a != 0:
      a, b = b % a, a
   return b

def findModInverse(a, m):
   if gcd(a, m) != 1:
      return None
   u1, u2, u3 = 1, 0, a
   v1, v2, v3 = 0, 1, m

   while v3 != 0:
      q = u3 // v3
         v1, v2, v3, u1, u2, u3 = (u1 - q * v1), (u2 - q * v2), (u3 - q * v3), v1, v2, v3
   return u1 % m

RabinMiller Module

遵循 RSA 算法的所有基本实现的 RabinMiller 模块的源代码如下：

The source code of RabinMiller module which follows all the basic implementation of RSA algorithm is as follows −

import random
def rabinMiller(num):
   s = num - 1
   t = 0

   while s % 2 == 0:
      s = s // 2
      t += 1
   for trials in range(5):
      a = random.randrange(2, num - 1)
      v = pow(a, s, num)
      if v != 1:
         i = 0
         while v != (num - 1):
            if i == t - 1:
               return False
            else:
               i = i + 1
               v = (v ** 2) % num
      return True
def isPrime(num):
   if (num 7< 2):
      return False
   lowPrimes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
   67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151,
   157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199, 211, 223, 227, 229, 233, 239, 241,
   251, 257, 263, 269, 271, 277, 281, 283, 293, 307, 311, 313,317, 331, 337, 347, 349,
   353, 359, 367, 373, 379, 383, 389, 397, 401, 409, 419, 421, 431, 433, 439, 443, 449,
   457, 461, 463, 467, 479, 487, 491, 499, 503, 509, 521, 523, 541, 547, 557, 563, 569,
   571, 577, 587, 593, 599, 601, 607, 613, 617, 619, 631, 641, 643, 647, 653, 659, 661,
   673, 677, 683, 691, 701, 709, 719, 727, 733, 739, 743, 751, 757, 761, 769, 773, 787,
   797, 809, 811, 821, 823, 827, 829, 839, 853, 857, 859, 863, 877, 881, 883, 887, 907,
   911, 919, 929, 937, 941, 947, 953, 967, 971, 977, 983, 991, 997]

   if num in lowPrimes:
      return True
   for prime in lowPrimes:
      if (num % prime == 0):
         return False
   return rabinMiller(num)
def generateLargePrime(keysize = 1024):
   while True:
      num = random.randrange(2**(keysize-1), 2**(keysize))
      if isPrime(num):
         return num

生成 RSA 密钥的完整代码如下：

The complete code for generating RSA keys is as follows −

import random, sys, os, rabinMiller, cryptomath

def main():
   makeKeyFiles('RSA_demo', 1024)

def generateKey(keySize):
   # Step 1: Create two prime numbers, p and q. Calculate n = p * q.
   print('Generating p prime...')
   p = rabinMiller.generateLargePrime(keySize)
   print('Generating q prime...')
   q = rabinMiller.generateLargePrime(keySize)
   n = p * q

   # Step 2: Create a number e that is relatively prime to (p-1)*(q-1).
   print('Generating e that is relatively prime to (p-1)*(q-1)...')
   while True:
      e = random.randrange(2 ** (keySize - 1), 2 ** (keySize))
      if cryptomath.gcd(e, (p - 1) * (q - 1)) == 1:
         break

   # Step 3: Calculate d, the mod inverse of e.
   print('Calculating d that is mod inverse of e...')
   d = cryptomath.findModInverse(e, (p - 1) * (q - 1))
   publicKey = (n, e)
   privateKey = (n, d)
   print('Public key:', publicKey)
   print('Private key:', privateKey)
   return (publicKey, privateKey)

def makeKeyFiles(name, keySize):
   # Creates two files 'x_pubkey.txt' and 'x_privkey.txt'
      (where x is the value in name) with the the n,e and d,e integers written in them,
   # delimited by a comma.
   if os.path.exists('%s_pubkey.txt' % (name)) or os.path.exists('%s_privkey.txt' % (name)):
      sys.exit('WARNING: The file %s_pubkey.txt or %s_privkey.txt already exists! Use a different name or delete these files and re-run this program.' % (name, name))
   publicKey, privateKey = generateKey(keySize)
   print()
   print('The public key is a %s and a %s digit number.' % (len(str(publicKey[0])), len(str(publicKey[1]))))
   print('Writing public key to file %s_pubkey.txt...' % (name))

   fo = open('%s_pubkey.txt' % (name), 'w')
	fo.write('%s,%s,%s' % (keySize, publicKey[0], publicKey[1]))
   fo.close()
   print()
   print('The private key is a %s and a %s digit number.' % (len(str(publicKey[0])), len(str(publicKey[1]))))
   print('Writing private key to file %s_privkey.txt...' % (name))

   fo = open('%s_privkey.txt' % (name), 'w')
   fo.write('%s,%s,%s' % (keySize, privateKey[0], privateKey[1]))
   fo.close()
# If makeRsaKeys.py is run (instead of imported as a module) call
# the main() function.
if __name__ == '__main__':
   main()

Output

公钥和私钥被生成并分别保存在文件中，如下面的输出中所示。

The public key and private keys are generated and saved in the respective files as shown in the following output.

publickey