Design Thinking 简明教程

Design Thinking - Analysis Vs Synthesis

在本章中，我们将看到两种基于解决方案的思维方式之间的差异，即分析和综合，还将了解它如何帮助设计思考。

In this chapter, we will see the difference between two ways of solution-based thinking, i.e. Analysis and Synthesis, and also get to know how it helps in design thinking.

Analysis

分析源自希腊语“analusis”，在英语中是 translates into ‘breaking up’ 。分析早于像亚里士多德和柏拉图这样伟大的哲学家的时代。正如前一节所讨论的，分析是将一个大的单一实体分解成多个片段的过程。这是一种演绎，其中一个 bigger concept is broken down to smaller ones 。为了更好地理解，必须将其分解成更小的片段。

Analysis is derived from the Greek word ‘analusis’, which translates into ‘breaking up’ in English. Analysis is older than the times of great philosophers like Aristotle and Plato. As discussed in the previous section, analysis is the process of breaking down a big single entity into multiple fragments. It is a deduction where a bigger concept is broken down to smaller ones. This breaking down into smaller fragments is necessary for improved understanding.

那么，分析如何帮助进行设计思考？在分析期间，要求设计思考者将问题表述分解成较小的部分，并分别研究每个部分。如果可能的话，问题表述的不同较小组成部分应逐一解决。然后，为每个较小的问题思考解决方案。对每个解决方案进行头脑风暴。

So, how does analysis help in design thinking? During analysis, design thinkers are required to break down the problem statement into smaller parts and study each one of them separately. The different smaller components of the problem statement are to be solved one-by-one, if possible. Then, solutions are thought for each of the small problems. Brainstorming is done over each of the solutions.

稍后，执行 feasibility check 以包括可行且可行的解决方案。在考虑的解决方案集中，排除了在可行性和可行性方面不坚定的解决方案。

Later, a feasibility check is done to include the feasible and viable solutions. The solutions that don’t stand firm on the grounds of feasibility and viability are excluded from the set of solutions to be considered.

然后，鼓励设计思考者联系不同的想法并检查每个想法是如何构成的。将当前较大的问题表述分解成多个较小的次要问题表述，并将每一个都作为一个单独实体进行检查的过程称为分析。

Design thinkers are, then, encouraged to connect with the diverse ideas and examine the way each idea was composed. This process of breaking down the bigger problem statement at hand into multiple smaller problem statements and examining each as a separate entity is called analysis.

Reductionism

分析中的基本假设是 reductionism 。还原论认为，我们周围的现实可以简化为不可见的组成部分。解析几何的基本公理中体现了这一原则，即“整体等于其部分之和”。然而，仅通过分析无法建立对系统的理解。因此，在分析之后需要进行综合。

The underlying assumption in analysis is reductionism. Reductionism states that the reality around us can be reduced down to invisible parts. The embodiment of this principle is found in basic axioms of analytic geometry, which says “the whole is equal to the sum of its parts”. However, understanding of a system cannot be developed by analysis alone. Hence, synthesis is required following analysis.

Synthesis

综合是指将分散的部分组合成一个聚集的整体的过程。这是一个在科学或创造性探究结束时进行的活动。这个过程导致创造了一个新颖的、连贯的更大的实体。综合是如何在设计思考中出现的？

Synthesis refers to the process of combining the fragmented parts into an aggregated whole. It is an activity that is done at the end of the scientific or creative inquiry. This process leads to creation of a coherent bigger entity, which is something new and fresh. How does synthesis come into picture in design thinking?

在设计思想家排除了不可行且不可靠的解决方案，并对可行且可靠的解决方案集进行了集中关注后，现在是时候让思想家们提出自己的解决方案了。

Once the design thinkers have excluded the non-feasible and non-viable solutions and have zeroed-in on the set of feasible and viable solutions, it is time for the thinkers to put together their solutions.

在 10 个可用解决方案中，可能需要排除大约 2-3 个解决方案，因为它们可能不适合总体情况，即实际解决方案。这就是综合发挥作用的地方。

Out of 10 available solutions, around 2-3 solutions may need to be excluded since they may not fit into the larger picture, i.e. the actual solution. This is where synthesis helps.

设计思想家从一个称为问题陈述的大实体开始，然后以另一个更大的实体结束，即解决方案。该解决方案与问题陈述完全不同。在综合过程中，确保不同的想法彼此同步，并且不会导致冲突。

The design thinkers start from a big entity called the problem statement and then end up with another bigger entity, i.e. the solution. The solution is completely different from the problem statement. During synthesis, it is ensured that the different ideas are in sync with each other and do not lead to conflicts.

Analysis + Synthesis = Design Thinking

因此，分析和综合形成了设计思维中要完成的两项基本任务。设计思维过程从还原论开始，其中问题陈述被分解成更小的片段。思想家团队对每个片段进行头脑风暴，然后将不同的较小解决方案组合在一起形成一个连贯的最终解决方案。让我们来看一个例子。

Analysis and synthesis, thus, form the two fundamental tasks to be done in design thinking. Design thinking process starts with reductionism, where the problem statement is broken down into smaller fragments. Each fragment is brainstormed over by the team of thinkers, and the different smaller solutions are then put together to form a coherent final solution. Let us take a look at an example.

Case Study

Problem Statement ——假设手头的问​​题陈述是要遏制全球各公司发生的流失率。高素质员工在考核周期后，尤其会离职。结果，一家普通的公司会失去其宝贵的人力资源，并在向新员工传授知识方面承受巨大的开销。这需要时间和作为培训师的额外人力资源，从而增加了公司的成本。制定一项计划以遏制公司流失。

Problem Statement − Suppose the problem statement at hand is to contain the attrition that happens in companies worldwide. High quality employees leave the organization, mainly after the appraisal cycle. As a result, an average company loses its valuable human resources and suffers from an overhead of transferring the knowledge to a new employee. This takes time and additional human resource in the form of a trainer, which adds to the company’s costs. Devise a plan to contain attrition in the company.

Analysis ——现在，让我们将问题陈述细分为各个组成部分。以下是同一问题陈述的子部分，分解到基本级别。

Analysis − Now, let’s break down the problem statement into various constituent parts. Following are the subparts of the same problem statement, broken down to elementary levels.

  1. The employees are not motivated anymore to work in the company.

  2. Appraisal cycle has something to do with attrition.

  3. Knowledge transfer is necessary for new employees.

  4. Knowledge transfer adds to the cost of the company.

Synthesis ——现在，让我们开始逐个解决每个问题。在此步骤中，我们将进行综合。让我们一次考虑一个问题，并尝试仅针对该问题陈述找到解决方案，而不考虑其他问题陈述。

Synthesis − Now, let’s start solving each problem individually. In this step, we will do synthesis. Let’s look at one problem at a time and try to find a solution only for that problem statement, without thinking of other problem statements.

  1. To solve the problem of lack of motivation, the management can plan some sort of incentives that can be given on a regular basis. The efforts put in by the employees must be rewarded well. This will keep the employees motivated.

  2. To solve the issue of occurrence of attrition during appraisal cycle, the management can conduct a meeting with the employees leaving the organization, and take their insight as to what led them to leave the company.

  3. For knowledge transfer, the management can hire only those people who are experts in a domain.

  4. Regarding concerns for budget of knowledge transfer, the management can have a document prepared by experts in a domain and this document can be uploaded on intranet. This can be made available to new joinees. Hence, additional human resource is not required for knowledge transfer and this will reduce the figures in the company’s budget.

现在，如果我们仔细观察，第三个解决方案可能并非始终可行。我们不能保证专家专业人士会一直在面试中出现。此外，专家专业人士比非专家专业人士要求更高的补偿。这将增加公司的预算。

Now, if we observe carefully, the third solution may not be feasible all the time. We cannot be assured of expert professionals coming for interviews all the time. Moreover, expert professionals demand more compensation than not-so-expert professionals. This will increase the company’s budget.

因此，我们现在将其他三个解决方案组合起来，形成一个连贯的解决方案。最终解决方案是，管理层先与离职组织的员工交谈，了解离职背后的原因，然后提出合适的类别奖励，然后在组织中创建一份易于所有人访问的文件，用于知识转移。

Hence, we will now combine the other three solutions to form a coherent one. The final solution will be for the management to first have a talk with the employees leaving the organization to know the reasons behind attrition, then come up with awards in suitable categories and then, create an easily and universally accessible document in the organization for knowledge transfer.

通过这种方式，分析和综合共同促进了设计思维过程。设计思想家从将问题分解成较小的问题开始，这些较小的问题可以轻松地处理和研究。然后，将不同的解决方案组合起来形成一个连贯的单一解决方案。

This way, analysis and synthesis together help in design thinking process. Design thinkers start with breaking down a problem into smaller problems that can be handled and studied easily. Then, the different solutions are combined to form a coherent single solution.