Digital-electronics 简明教程
Components of Digital System
digital system 是一种类型的电子系统，用于存储、处理和操作以数字信号形式表示的数据，其中数字信号是一种离散时间信号。 数字系统使用二进制数系统进行操作。 数字系统的一些常见示例包括数码电脑、笔记本电脑、智能手机等。
A digital system is a type of electronic system used to store, process, and manipulate data represented in the form of digital signals, where a digital signal is a discrete time signal. Digital systems use binary number system to operate. Some common examples of digital systems include digital computers, laptops, smartphones, etc.
本章旨在解释数字系统的主要组件。
This chapter is meant for explaining the major components of a digital system.
Components of a Digital System
一个典型的数字系统由以下主要组件组成：-
A typical digital system consists of the following main components −
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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Memory
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Input Devices
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Output Devices
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Logic Gates
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Power Supply
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Communication Channels
让我们详细讨论一下数字系统中的每一个组件。
Let’s discuss each of these components of a digital system in detail.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
在数字系统中， central processing unit 是系统中最主要的组件，因为它执行系统中的所有操作。它也被称为 processor 。
In a digital system, the central processing unit is the most important component of the system, as it performs all the operations in the system. It is also known as processor.
CPU 是由两个子电路组成的电子电路，即 arithmetic and logic unit 和 control unit 。
The CPU is an electronic circuit that consists of two sub-circuits namely, arithmetic and logic unit, and control unit.
算术逻辑单元 (ALU) 是 CPU 的一部分，它执行所有算术和逻辑操作，并执行操作数据指令。ALU 由逻辑门和其他电子组件组成。它可以执行加法、减法、比较等操作。
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is the part of a CPU that performs all the arithmetic and logical operations and executes the instructions to manipulate data. ALU is made up of logic gates and other electronic components. It can perform operations like addition, subtractions, comparison, etc.
控制单元 (CU) 是中央处理器单元中的另一个主要电子电路，协调数字系统中所有其他组件的操作。它生成时钟信号以同步系统。
The control unit (CU) is another major electronic circuit in the central processing unit that coordinate the operation of all other components of a digital system. It generates clock signals for the synchronization of the system.
Semiconductor Memory
内存是数字系统中的另一个主要组件。它用于存储和系统中的指令。在大多数数字系统中，半导体内存用于存储数字信息。
Memory is another major component of a digital system. It is used to store and instructions in the system. In most digital system, semiconductor memory is used to store digital information.
数字系统的内存可分类为以下两种类型：
Memory of a digital system can be classified into the following two types −
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Random Access Memory (RAM) − It is a temporary memory used to store data and instruction on which the CPU is currently working. Once the digital system is turned off, its data will be deleted.
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Read Only Memory (ROM) − ROM is also an important component of a digital system. It is a permanent memory used to store those data and instructions that require again and again to perform tasks.
在数字系统中，RAM 和 ROM 都以由半导体制成的集成电路的形式使用。
In digital systems, both RAM and ROM are used in the form of ICs made up of semiconductors.
除了 RAM 和 ROM 之外，数字系统还可能支持外部存储设备，如 CD、DVD、U 盘、SD 卡等。所有这些外部存储器都用于永久性数据存储。
Apart from RAM and ROM, digital systems may also support external memory devices like CD, DVD, Pen Drive, SD card, etc. All these external memories are used for permanent data storage.
Input Devices
输入设备是数字系统中用于将数据输入系统的电子组件。输入设备的示例包括键盘、鼠标、扫描仪、传感器、摄像头、光笔、代码阅读器等。
Input devices are those electronic components of a digital system used for entering data into the system. Examples of input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, sensors, camera, light pen, code readers, etc.
输入设备设计为接受特定类型或格式的数据，并将它们转换为可处理的数字信号。
Input devices are designed to accept data in the form of a specific type or format and convert them into digital signals for processing.
例如，键盘以击键的形式获取外部指令，然后将其转换为数字信号。
For example, a keyboard gets outside instructions in the form of keystrokes and then convert them into digital signals.
Output Devices
输出设备是数字系统中的组件，允许用户查看处理后的数据或信息。输出设备的示例包括显示器、显示屏、打印机、投影仪、扬声器等。
Output devices are those components of a digital system that allow users to view the processed data or information. Examples of output devices are monitor, display screens, printers, projectors, speakers, etc.
输出设备设计为接受数字信号，并将其转换为合适的格式，供人类阅读。
Output devices are designed to accept digital signals and convert them in a suitable format to make them readable by human.
例如，显示器接收数字信号，并将它们转换为视觉图像并显示在屏幕上。
For example, a monitor takes digital signals and convert them as visuals and display on a screen.
Logic Gates
逻辑门是任何数字系统中的基本组件。它们是数字系统的基本构建块。逻辑门只不过是能够执行逻辑操作的电子电路。
Logic gates are essential components of any digital system. They are the fundamental building block of the digital system. Logic gates are nothing but electronic circuits that can perform logical operations.
在数字系统中，逻辑门用于实现所有信息处理和存储系统。最常用的逻辑门有 AND、OR、NOT、NAND、NOR、Ex-OR 和 Ex-NOR。
In digital systems, logic gates are used to realize all the information processing and storage systems. The most commonly used logic gates are AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, Ex-OR, and Ex-NOR.
Power Supply
电源是数字系统的能源库，为系统组件提供必要的电力，以便它们能够工作。
Power supply is the energy bank of the digital system that provides necessary electric power to the components of the system so they can work.
数字系统电源装置的主要作用是将从外部来源接收的电力转换成系统所需的所需类型和电压电平。
The primary function of the power supply unit of a digital system is to convert the electric power received from an external source into the desired type and voltage level required by the system.
大多数数字系统使用 5 伏直流供电。因此，电源装置从电源线路上接收 220 伏交流电，并将其转换成 5 伏直流电源。此外，电源装置还会调节电源供应中的波动，以保护系统免受损坏。
Most digital systems work on 5 V DC supply. Hence, the power supply unit receives 220 V AC from the supply mains and convert it to 5 V DC supply. Also, the power supply unit regulates the fluctuations occurring in the power supply to protect the system from damages.
Communication Channels
在数字系统中，通信信道也称为总线系统。它由若干不同类型的总线（导体）组成，例如数据总线、地址总线和控制总线。这些通信信道允许系统不同组件之间进行数据传输。
In a digital system, the communication channel is also known as bus system. It consists of several different types of buses (conductors) such as data bus, address bus, and control bus. These communication channels allow data transmission between different components of the system.
Conclusion
总之，数字系统由多个组件组成。本章介绍了典型数字系统的若干重要组件。所有这些组件连接在一起，并允许彼此通信，以执行不同的作业。在下一章中，我们将学习有关不同类型的“数字逻辑运算”。
In conclusion, a digital system consists of several components. Some important components of a typical digital system are described in this chapter. All these components are connected together and allowed to communicate to perform different jobs. In the next chapter, we will learn about different types of "digital logic operations".