Human Computer Interface 简明教程

Guidelines in HCI

Shneiderman’s Eight Golden Rules

美国计算机科学家 Ben Shneiderman 巩固了一些关于设计的隐含事实，并提出了以下八条一般准则−

Ben Shneiderman, an American computer scientist consolidated some implicit facts about designing and came up with the following eight general guidelines −

  1. Strive for Consistency.

  2. Cater to Universal Usability.

  3. Offer Informative feedback.

  4. Design Dialogs to yield closure.

  5. Prevent Errors.

  6. Permit easy reversal of actions.

  7. Support internal locus of control.

  8. Reduce short term memory load.

这些准则对普通设计师和界面设计师都有利。使用这八条准则，可以将好的界面设计与不好的界面设计区分开来。它们有利于在实验评估中识别更好的 GUI。

These guidelines are beneficial for normal designers as well as interface designers. Using these eight guidelines, it is possible to differentiate a good interface design from a bad one. These are beneficial in experimental assessment of identifying better GUIs.

Norman’s Seven Principles

为了评估人与计算机之间的交互，唐纳德·诺曼于 1988 年提出了七项原则。他提出了七个阶段，可以用来转换困难的任务。以下是诺曼的七项原则−

To assess the interaction between human and computers, Donald Norman in 1988 proposed seven principles. He proposed the seven stages that can be used to transform difficult tasks. Following are the seven principles of Norman −

  1. Use both knowledge in world & knowledge in the head.

  2. Simplify task structures.

  3. Make things visible.

  4. Get the mapping right (User mental model = Conceptual model = Designed model).

  5. Convert constrains into advantages (Physical constraints, Cultural constraints, Technological constraints).

  6. Design for Error.

  7. When all else fails − Standardize.

Heuristic Evaluation

启发式评估是一种检查用户界面可用性问题的系统方法。一旦在设计中检测到可用性问题，它们将作为持续设计过程的组成部分得到处理。启发式评估方法包括一些可用性原则，例如尼尔森的十项可用性原则。

Heuristics evaluation is a methodical procedure to check user interface for usability problems. Once a usability problem is detected in design, they are attended as an integral part of constant design processes. Heuristic evaluation method includes some usability principles such as Nielsen’s ten Usability principles.

Nielsen’s Ten Heuristic Principles

  1. Visibility of system status.

  2. Match between system and real world.

  3. User control and freedom.

  4. Consistency and standards.

  5. Error prevention.

  6. Recognition rather than Recall.

  7. Flexibility and efficiency of use.

  8. Aesthetic and minimalist design.

  9. Help, diagnosis and recovery from errors.

  10. Documentation and Help

上文提到的尼尔森十大原则在启发式评估员审计界面或产品时，可用作评估和解释问题的一个检查清单。

The above mentioned ten principles of Nielsen serve as a checklist in evaluating and explaining problems for the heuristic evaluator while auditing an interface or a product.

Interface Design Guidelines

本节介绍了一些更为重要的 HCI 设计准则。以下解释了 HCI 设计准则的三种类别：通用交互、信息显示和数据输入。

Some more important HCI design guidelines are presented in this section. General interaction, information display, and data entry are three categories of HCI design guidelines that are explained below.

General Interaction

通用交互准则是一些全面建议，其关注于通用指令，例如：

Guidelines for general interaction are comprehensive advices that focus on general instructions such as −

  1. Be consistent.

  2. Offer significant feedback.

  3. Ask for authentication of any non-trivial critical action.

  4. Authorize easy reversal of most actions.

  5. Lessen the amount of information that must be remembered in between actions.

  6. Seek competence in dialogue, motion and thought.

  7. Excuse mistakes.

  8. Classify activities by function and establish screen geography accordingly.

  9. Deliver help services that are context sensitive.

  10. Use simple action verbs or short verb phrases to name commands.

Information Display

HCI 提供的信息不应不完整或不明确，否则该程序将无法满足用户的要求。为提供更好的界面显示，准备了以下准则：

Information provided by the HCI should not be incomplete or unclear or else the application will not meet the requirements of the user. To provide better display, the following guidelines are prepared −

  1. Exhibit only that information that is applicable to the present context.

  2. Don’t burden the user with data, use a presentation layout that allows rapid integration of information.

  3. Use standard labels, standard abbreviations and probable colors.

  4. Permit the user to maintain visual context.

  5. Generate meaningful error messages.

  6. Use upper and lower case, indentation and text grouping to aid in understanding.

  7. Use windows (if available) to classify different types of information.

  8. Use analog displays to characterize information that is more easily integrated with this form of representation.

  9. Consider the available geography of the display screen and use it efficiently.

Data Entry

以下准则着重于作为 HCI 的另一个重要方面的数据录入——

The following guidelines focus on data entry that is another important aspect of HCI −

  1. Reduce the number of input actions required of the user.

  2. Uphold steadiness between information display and data input.

  3. Let the user customize the input.

  4. Interaction should be flexible but also tuned to the user’s favored mode of input.

  5. Disable commands that are unsuitable in the context of current actions.

  6. Allow the user to control the interactive flow.

  7. Offer help to assist with all input actions.

  8. Remove "mickey mouse" input.