Human Computer Interface 简明教程

Human Computer Interface Introduction

人机界面 (HCI) 以前称为人机研究或人机交互。它处理人机系统的设计、执行和评估以及相关现象。

Human Computer Interface (HCI) was previously known as the man-machine studies or man-machine interaction. It deals with the design, execution and assessment of computer systems and related phenomenon that are for human use.

HCI 可用于所有学科中，只要有可能安装计算机。以下列出了一些能够以显著重要性实施 HCI 的领域−

HCI can be used in all disciplines wherever there is a possibility of computer installation. Some of the areas where HCI can be implemented with distinctive importance are mentioned below −

  1. Computer Science − For application design and engineering.

  2. Psychology − For application of theories and analytical purpose.

  3. Sociology − For interaction between technology and organization.

  4. Industrial Design − For interactive products like mobile phones, microwave oven, etc.

人机互动的全球领先组织是 ACM − SIGCHI，代表计算机协会-人机交互特殊兴趣小组。SIGCHI 将计算机科学定义为 HCI 的核心学科。在印度，它是作为交互提案出现的，主要基于设计领域。

The world’s leading organization in HCI is ACM − SIGCHI, which stands for Association for Computer Machinery − Special Interest Group on Computer–Human Interaction. SIGCHI defines Computer Science to be the core discipline of HCI. In India, it emerged as an interaction proposal, mostly based in the field of Design.

Objective

学习本学科的目的是了解设计用户友好界面或交互的方式。基于这一点，我们将学习以下内容：

The intention of this subject is to learn the ways of designing user-friendly interfaces or interactions. Considering which, we will learn the following −

  1. Ways to design and assess interactive systems.

  2. Ways to reduce design time through cognitive system and task models.

  3. Procedures and heuristics for interactive system design.

Historical Evolution

从执行批处理的早期计算机到以用户为中心的，以下是几个里程碑：

From the initial computers performing batch processing to the user-centric design, there were several milestones which are mentioned below −

  1. Early computer (e.g. ENIAC, 1946) − Improvement in the H/W technology brought massive increase in computing power. People started thinking on innovative ideas.

  2. Visual Display Unit (1950s) − SAGE (semi-automatic ground environment), an air defense system of the USA used the earliest version of VDU.

  3. Development of the Sketchpad (1962) − Ivan Sutherland developed Sketchpad and proved that computer can be used for more than data processing.

  4. Douglas Engelbart introduced the idea of programming toolkits (1963) − Smaller systems created larger systems and components.

  5. Introduction of Word Processor, Mouse (1968) − Design of NLS (oNLine System).

  6. Introduction of personal computer Dynabook (1970s) − Developed smalltalk at Xerox PARC.

  7. Windows and WIMP interfaces − Simultaneous jobs at one desktop, switching between work and screens, sequential interaction.

  8. The idea of metaphor − Xerox star and alto were the first systems to use the concept of metaphors, which led to spontaneity of the interface.

  9. Direct Manipulation introduced by Ben Shneiderman (1982) − First used in Apple Mac PC (1984) that reduced the chances for syntactic errors.

  10. Vannevar Bush introduced Hypertext (1945) − To denote the non-linear structure of text.

  11. Multimodality (late 1980s).

  12. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (1990’s) − Computer mediated communication.

  13. WWW (1989) − The first graphical browser (Mosaic) came in 1993.

  14. Ubiquitous Computing − Currently the most active research area in HCI. Sensor based/context aware computing also known as pervasive computing.

Roots of HCI in India

一些开创性的创作和图形交流设计师自 80 年代末开始对 HCI 领域表现出兴趣。其他人则通过设计 CD-ROM 标题的程序跨过了门槛。其中一些人通过为网络设计和提供计算机培训进入了该领域。

Some ground-breaking Creation and Graphic Communication designers started showing interest in the field of HCI from the late 80s. Others crossed the threshold by designing program for CD ROM titles. Some of them entered the field by designing for the web and by providing computer trainings.

尽管印度在提供既定的 HCI 课程方面一直落后，但印度的设计师除了创造力和艺术表现外，还认为设计是一种解决问题的活动，并且更喜欢在需求尚未得到满足的领域工作。

Even though India is running behind in offering an established course in HCI, there are designers in India who in addition to creativity and artistic expression, consider design to be a problem-solving activity and prefer to work in an area where the demand has not been met.

这种对设计的渴望经常促使他们进入创新领域，并通过自学获得知识。后来，当 HCI 前景在印度出现时，设计师们采用了可用性评估、用户研究、软件原型设计等技术。

This urge for designing has often led them to get into innovative fields and get the knowledge through self-study. Later, when HCI prospects arrived in India, designers adopted techniques from usability assessment, user studies, software prototyping, etc.