Human Computer Interface 简明教程

Information Search & Visualization

Database Query

数据库查询是用于从数据库中检索信息的原理机制。它包含数据库问题的预定义格式。许多数据库管理系统都使用结构化查询语言 (SQL) 标准查询格式。

A database query is the principal mechanism to retrieve information from a database. It consists of predefined format of database questions. Many database management systems use the Structured Query Language (SQL) standard query format.

Example

SELECT DOCUMENT#
FROM JOURNAL-DB
WHERE (DATE >= 2004 AND DATE <= 2008)
AND (LANGUAGE = ENGLISH OR FRENCH)
AND (PUBLISHER = ASIST OR HFES OR ACM)

当用户可以查看和控制搜索时，他们的表现会更好，满意度也会更高。因此，数据库查询已经为人类计算机交互界面提供了大量的帮助。

Users perform better and have better contentment when they can view and control the search. The database query has thus provided substantial amount of help in the human computer interface.

以下几点是对文本搜索的用户界面进行说明的五阶段框架：

The following points are the five-phase frameworks that clarifies user interfaces for textual search −

  1. Formulation − expressing the search

  2. Initiation of action − launching the search

  3. Review of results − reading messages and outcomes

  4. Refinement − formulating the next step

  5. Use − compiling or disseminating insight

Multimedia Document Searches

以下是主要的媒体文档搜索类别：

Following are the major multimedia document search categories.

Image Search

在常见的搜索引擎中进行图像搜索并非易事。但有一些网站可以通过输入您选择的图像来完成图像搜索。通常，简单的绘图工具用于构建搜索用模板。对于指纹匹配等复杂的搜索，已开发出特殊的软件，用户可以搜索机器中预先定义的不同特性数据。

Preforming an image search in common search engines is not an easy thing to do. However there are sites where image search can be done by entering the image of your choice. Mostly, simple drawing tools are used to build templates to search with. For complex searches such as fingerprint matching, special softwares are developed where the user can search the machine for the predefined data of distinct features.

Map Search

地图搜索是另一种多媒体搜索形式，其中通过移动设备和搜索引擎检索在线地图。虽然复杂的搜索（如经度/纬度搜索）需要结构化的数据库解决方案。通过高级数据库选项，我们可以检索到各个可能方面的地图，例如城市、州、国家、世界地图、天气情况、方向等。

Map search is another form of multimedia search where the online maps are retrieved through mobile devices and search engines. Though a structured database solution is required for complex searches such as searches with longitude/latitude. With the advanced database options, we can retrieve maps for every possible aspect such as cities, states, countries, world maps, weather sheets, directions, etc.

Design/Diagram Searches

一些设计包也支持搜索设计或图表。例如，图表、蓝图、报纸等。

Some design packages support the search of designs or diagrams as well. E.g., diagrams, blueprints, newspapers, etc.

Sound Search

也可以通过数据库的音频搜索轻松完成声音搜索。虽然用户应该清楚地讲出要搜索的单词或短语。

Sound search can also be done easily through audio search of the database. Though user should clearly speak the words or phrases for search.

Video Search

Infomedia 等新项目有助于检索视频搜索。它们提供了视频的概览或视频帧的分割。

New projects such as Infomedia helps in retrieving video searches. They provide an overview of the videos or segmentations of frames from the video.

Animation Search

随着 Flash 的普及，动画搜索的频率有所增加。现在可以搜索特定动画，例如移动的船只。

The frequency of animation search has increased with the popularity of Flash. Now it is possible to search for specific animations such as a moving boat.

Information Visualization

信息可视化是概念数据交互式视觉插图，它增强了人们的理解。它源于人机交互领域的研究，并且作为一个关键组件应用于各个领域。它使用户能够一次查看、发现和理解大量的信息。

Information visualization is the interactive visual illustrations of conceptual data that strengthen human understanding. It has emerged from the research in human-computer interaction and is applied as a critical component in varied fields. It allows users to see, discover, and understand huge amounts of information at once.

信息可视化也是一种假设结构，通常采用统计假设检验等形式化检查。

Information visualization is also an assumption structure, which is typically followed by formal examination such as statistical hypothesis testing.

Advanced Filtering

以下是高级筛选过程：

Following are the advanced filtering procedures −

  1. Filtering with complex Boolean queries

  2. Automatic filtering

  3. Dynamic queries

  4. Faceted metadata search

  5. Query by example

  6. Implicit search

  7. Collaborative filtering

  8. Multilingual searches

  9. Visual field specification

Hypertext and Hypermedia

超文本可以定义为具有可以立即访问超链接的引用的文本。任何提供对另一个文本的引用的文本都可以理解为带有构成链接的引用的两个信息节点。在超文本中，所有链接都是活动的，并且在单击时会打开新内容。

Hypertext can be defined as the text that has references to hyperlinks with immediate access. Any text that provides a reference to another text can be understood as two nodes of information with the reference forming the link. In hypertext, all the links are active and when clicked, opens something new.

另一方面，超媒体是一种信息媒介，它包含不同类型的媒体（例如视频、CD 等）以及超链接。

Hypermedia on the other hand, is an information medium that holds different types of media, such as, video, CD, and so forth, as well as hyperlinks.

因此，超文本和超媒体都指的是链接信息系统。文本可指向可能有视觉效果或媒体的链接。因此，超文本可用作通用术语来表示文档，而该文档实际上可能分布在多个媒体中。

Hence, both hypertext and hypermedia refers to a system of linked information. A text may refer to links, which may also have visuals or media. So hypertext can be used as a generic term to denote a document, which may in fact be distributed across several media.

Object Action Interface Model for Website Design

对象动作接口 (OAI) 可被视为图形用户界面 (GUI) 的下一步。此模型重点关注对象高于操作的优先级。

Object Action Interface (OAI), can be considered as the next step of the Graphical User Interface (GUI). This model focusses on the priority of the object over the actions.

OAI Model

OAI 模型允许用户对对象执行操作。首先选择对象，然后对对象执行操作。最后，将结果显示给用户。在此模型中，用户不必担心任何句法操作的复杂性。

The OAI model allows the user to perform action on the object. First the object is selected and then the action is performed on the object. Finally, the outcome is shown to the user. In this model, the user does not have to worry about the complexity of any syntactical actions.

对象-动作模型为用户提供了优势，因为用户在设计过程中能够直接参与，获得一种控制感。计算机充当各种工具指示物。

The object–action model provides an advantage to the user as they gain a sense of control due to the direct involvement in the design process. The computer serves as a medium to signify different tools.