Internet Of Things 简明教程

Internet of Things - Quick Guide

Internet of Things - Overview

IoT系统使用户能够在一个系统内实现更深入的自动化，分析和集成。它们改善了这些区域的覆盖范围和准确性。物联网利用现有和新兴技术进行传感，联网和机器人技术。

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.

物联网利用了软件最近的进步，硬件价格的下降以及对技术的现代态度。其新的，先进的元素为产品，商品和服务的交付带来了重大变化；以及这些变化的社会，经济和政治影响。

IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political impact of those changes.

IoT − Key Features

物联网的最重要功能包括人工智能，连通性，传感器，积极参与和小设备的使用。以下对这些功能进行了简要概述： −

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief review of these features is given below −

AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then place an order with your preferred grocer.
Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates these small networks between its system devices.
Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world integration.
Active Engagement − Much of today’s interaction with connected technology happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.
Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

IoT − Advantages

物联网的优势遍及生活方式和业务的各个领域。这里列出物联网提供的一些优势： −

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business. Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −

Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.
Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data which improve the customer experience also improve device use, and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world of critical functional and field data.
Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world information leading to more effective management of resources.
Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

IoT − Disadvantages

尽管物联网提供了令人印象深刻的一系列好处，但它也提出了一系列重大挑战。以下列出了一些主要问题 -

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a significant set of challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues −

Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected devices communicating over networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to various kinds of attackers.
Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal data in extreme detail without the user’s active participation.
Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.
Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.
Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many consider standard software compliance a battle.

Internet of Things - Hardware

物联网系统中使用的硬件包括用作远程仪表板的设备、用作控制的设备、服务器、路由或网桥设备和传感器。这些设备管理关键任务和功能，例如系统激活、动作规范、安全、通信和检测，以支持特定目标和动作。

The hardware utilized in IoT systems includes devices for a remote dashboard, devices for control, servers, a routing or bridge device, and sensors. These devices manage key tasks and functions such as system activation, action specifications, security, communication, and detection to support-specific goals and actions.

IoT − Sensors

物联网中最重要的硬件可能是其传感器。这些设备由能量模块、电源管理模块、射频模块和传感模块组成。射频模块通过其信号处理、WiFi、ZigBee、蓝牙、无线电收发器、双工器和 BAW 管理通信。

The most important hardware in IoT might be its sensors. These devices consist of energy modules, power management modules, RF modules, and sensing modules. RF modules manage communications through their signal processing, WiFi, ZigBee, Bluetooth, radio transceiver, duplexer, and BAW.

传感模块通过各种有源和无源测量设备管理传感。以下是物联网中使用的一些测量设备的列表 −

The sensing module manages sensing through assorted active and passive measurement devices. Here is a list of some of the measurement devices used in IoT −

S.No

Devices

accelerometers

temperature sensors

magnetometers

proximity sensors

gyroscopes

image sensors

acoustic sensors

light sensors

pressure sensors

gas RFID sensors

humidity sensors

micro flow sensors

Wearable Electronics

可穿戴电子设备是佩戴在头部、颈部、手臂、躯干和脚上的小型设备。

Wearable electronic devices are small devices worn on the head, neck, arms, torso, and feet.

目前的智能可穿戴设备包括 −

Current smart wearable devices include −

Head − Helmets, glasses
Neck − Jewelry, collars
Arm − Watches, wristbands, rings
Torso − Clothing, backpacks
Feet − Socks, shoes

Standard Devices

台式机、平板电脑和手机仍然作为控制中心和远程设备，是物联网不可或缺的组成部分。

The desktop, tablet, and cellphone remain integral parts of IoT as the command center and remotes.

The desktop provides the user with the highest level of control over the system and its settings.
The tablet provides access to the key features of the system in a way resembling the desktop, and also acts as a remote.
The cellphone allows some essential settings modification and also provides remote functionality.

其它关键连接设备包括 routers 和 switches 等标准网络设备。

Other key connected devices include standard network devices like routers and switches.

Internet of Things - Software

物联网软件通过平台、嵌入式系统、合作伙伴系统和中间件解决其网络和动作的关键领域。这些个人和主应用程序负责数据收集、设备集成、实时分析以及物联网网络中的应用程序和流程扩展。它们利用与关键业务系统（例如订购系统、机器人、调度等）的集成来执行相关任务。

IoT software addresses its key areas of networking and action through platforms, embedded systems, partner systems, and middleware. These individual and master applications are responsible for data collection, device integration, real-time analytics, and application and process extension within the IoT network. They exploit integration with critical business systems (e.g., ordering systems, robotics, scheduling, and more) in the execution of related tasks.

Data Collection

该软件管理感应、测量、轻型数据过滤、轻型数据安全和数据聚合。它使用某些协议来帮助传感器连接到实时机器对机器网络。然后，它从多个设备收集数据并根据设置对其进行分配。它还可以通过向设备分配数据来反向工作。该系统最终将所有收集到的数据传输到中央服务器。

This software manages sensing, measurements, light data filtering, light data security, and aggregation of data. It uses certain protocols to aid sensors in connecting with real-time, machine-to-machine networks. Then it collects data from multiple devices and distributes it in accordance with settings. It also works in reverse by distributing data over devices. The system eventually transmits all collected data to a central server.

Device Integration

支持集成的软件将所有系统设备绑定（依赖关系）在一起，以创建物联网系统的实体。它确保了设备之间必要的协作和稳定的网络连接。这些应用程序是物联网网络的决定性软件技术，因为没有它们，它就不是物联网系统。它们管理每个设备的各种应用程序、协议和限制，以允许通信。

Software supporting integration binds (dependent relationships) all system devices to create the body of the IoT system. It ensures the necessary cooperation and stable networking between devices. These applications are the defining software technology of the IoT network because without them, it is not an IoT system. They manage the various applications, protocols, and limitations of each device to allow communication.

Real-Time Analytics

这些应用程序从各种设备获取数据或输入，并将其转换为人类分析的可行操作或清晰模式。它们基于各种设置和设计来分析信息，以执行与自动化相关的任务或提供行业所需的数据。

These applications take data or input from various devices and convert it into viable actions or clear patterns for human analysis. They analyze information based on various settings and designs in order to perform automation-related tasks or provide the data required by industry.

Application and Process Extension

这些应用程序扩展了现有系统和软件的范围，以允许更广泛、更有效的系统。它们集成了用于特定目的的预定义设备，例如允许某些移动设备或工程仪器访问。它支持提高生产力和更准确的数据收集。

These applications extend the reach of existing systems and software to allow a wider, more effective system. They integrate predefined devices for specific purposes such as allowing certain mobile devices or engineering instruments access. It supports improved productivity and more accurate data collection.

Internet of Things - Technology and Protocols

物联网主要利用标准协议和网络技术。但是，物联网的主要支持技术和协议有 RFID、NFC、低功耗蓝牙、低功耗无线、低功耗无线电协议、LTE-A 和 WiFi-Direct。与普通系统的标准统一网络相比，这些技术支持物联网系统中需要的特定网络功能。

IoT primarily exploits standard protocols and networking technologies. However, the major enabling technologies and protocols of IoT are RFID, NFC, low-energy Bluetooth, low-energy wireless, low-energy radio protocols, LTE-A, and WiFi-Direct. These technologies support the specific networking functionality needed in an IoT system in contrast to a standard uniform network of common systems.

NFC and RFID

RFID（射频识别）和 NFC（近场通信）为身份和访问令牌、连接自举和支付提供了简单、低功耗和多功能的选项。

RFID (radio-frequency identification) and NFC (near-field communication) provide simple, lowenergy, and versatile options for identity and access tokens, connection bootstrapping, and payments.

RFID technology employs 2-way radio transmitter-receivers to identify and track tags associated with objects.
NFC consists of communication protocols for electronic devices, typically a mobile device and a standard device.

Low-Energy Bluetooth

该技术支持物联网功能对低功耗、长时间使用的需求，同时利用具有跨系统原生支持的标准技术。

This technology supports the low-power, long-use need of IoT function while exploiting a standard technology with native support across systems.

Low-Energy Wireless

这项技术取代了物联网系统最耗电的部分。虽然传感器和其它元件可以在很长一段时间内断电，但通信链路（即无线）必须保持监听模式。低能耗无线不仅可以减少能耗，还可以通过减少使用而延长设备寿命。

This technology replaces the most power hungry aspect of an IoT system. Though sensors and other elements can power down over long periods, communication links (i.e., wireless) must remain in listening mode. Low-energy wireless not only reduces consumption, but also extends the life of the device through less use.

Radio Protocols

ZigBee、Z-Wave 和 Thread 是无线协议，用于创建低速率私有区域网络。这些技术功耗低，但与许多类似选项不同，却提供高吞吐量。这样就可以提高小型本地设备网络的功率，而不会产生常规成本。

ZigBee, Z-Wave, and Thread are radio protocols for creating low-rate private area networks. These technologies are low-power, but offer high throughput unlike many similar options. This increases the power of small local device networks without the typical costs.

LTE-A

LTE-A 或 LTE Advanced 通过提高覆盖率，同时降低延迟并提高吞吐量，对 LTE 技术进行了重大升级。它通过扩大范围为物联网提供了极大的能力，其最重要的应用是车辆、无人机和类似的通信。

LTE-A, or LTE Advanced, delivers an important upgrade to LTE technology by increasing not only its coverage, but also reducing its latency and raising its throughput. It gives IoT a tremendous power through expanding its range, with its most significant applications being vehicle, UAV, and similar communication.

WiFi-Direct

WiFi-Direct 消除了对接入点的需求。它允许 P2P（对等）连接以 WiFi 的速度，但具有更低的延迟。WiFi-Direct 消除了经常拖累网络的网络元素，但不会牺牲速度或吞吐量。

WiFi-Direct eliminates the need for an access point. It allows P2P (peer-to-peer) connections with the speed of WiFi, but with lower latency. WiFi-Direct eliminates an element of a network that often bogs it down, and it does not compromise on speed or throughput.

Internet of Things - Common Uses

物联网在所有行业和市场都有应用。它的用户群体从想要减少家庭能源使用的人到想要精简运营的大型组织。随着技术的进步和我们向遥远的未来设想的先进自动化迈进，它不仅被证明是有用的，而且在许多行业中几乎至关重要。

IoT has applications across all industries and markets. It spans user groups from those who want to reduce energy use in their home to large organizations who want to streamline their operations. It proves not just useful, but nearly critical in many industries as technology advances and we move towards the advanced automation imagined in the distant future.

Engineering, Industry, and Infrastructure

物联网在这些领域的应用包括提高生产、营销、服务交付和安全性。物联网提供了一种监控各种流程的强大手段；真正的透明度为改进机会创造了更大的可视性。

Applications of IoT in these areas include improving production, marketing, service delivery, and safety. IoT provides a strong means of monitoring various processes; and real transparency creates greater visibility for improvement opportunities.

物联网提供的深度控制等级允许对这些机会进行快速且采取更多行动，其中包括事件，如明显的客户需求、不合规产品、设备故障、分销网络问题等。

The deep level of control afforded by IoT allows rapid and more action on those opportunities, which include events like obvious customer needs, nonconforming product, malfunctions in equipment, problems in the distribution network, and more.

Example

琼恩运营着一家制造厂，为制造设备生产护罩。当护罩的成分和功能法规发生变化时，新的适当要求会自动编程到生产机器人中，工程师会收到有关他们对更改的批准的警报。

Joan runs a manufacturing facility that makes shields for manufacturing equipment. When regulations change for the composition and function of the shields, the new appropriate requirements are automatically programmed in production robotics, and engineers are alerted about their approval of the changes.

Government and Safety

物联网应用于政府和安全领域，可以改善执法、国防、城市规划和经济管理。该技术弥补了当前的差距，纠正了许多当前的缺陷，并扩展了这些工作的范围。例如，物联网可以帮助城市规划者更清晰地了解其设计的成果，而政府则可以更好地了解当地经济。

IoT applied to government and safety allows improved law enforcement, defense, city planning, and economic management. The technology fills in the current gaps, corrects many current flaws, and expands the reach of these efforts. For example, IoT can help city planners have a clearer view of the impact of their design, and governments have a better idea of the local economy.

Example

琼恩居住在一个小城市里。她听说她所在地区最近犯罪率飙升，并且担心晚上回家。

Joan lives in a small city. She’s heard about a recent spike in crime in her area, and worries about coming home late at night.

系统标记已向当地执法部门发出警报，他们增加了警力。区域监控设备已经检测到可疑行为，执法部门已经调查了这些线索以预防犯罪。

Local law enforcement has been alerted about the new “hot” zone through system flags, and they’ve increases their presence. Area monitoring devices have detected suspicious behavior, and law enforcement has investigated these leads to prevent crimes.

Home and Office

在我们的日常生活中，物联网提供了从家庭到办公室到我们经常进行业务的组织的个性化体验。这提高了我们的整体满意度、增强了生产力并改善了我们的健康和安全性。例如，物联网可以帮助我们自定义办公空间以优化我们的工作。

In our daily lives, IoT provides a personalized experience from the home to the office to the organizations we frequently do business with. This improves our overall satisfaction, enhances productivity, and improves our health and safety. For example, IoT can help us customize our office space to optimize our work.

Example

琼恩从事广告工作。她进入办公室，办公室识别了她的脸。它将灯光和温度调整到她的喜好。它打开了她的设备，并向她上次的工作点打开了应用程序。

Joan works in advertising. She enters her office, and it recognizes her face. It adjusts the lighting and temperature to her preference. It turns on her devices and opens applications to her last working points.

她的办公室门在她到达之前检测并识别到一位同事多次拜访她的办公室。琼恩的系统自动打开此访客的消息。

Her office door detected and recognized a colleague visiting her office multiple times before she arrived. Joan’s system opens this visitor’s messages automatically.

Health and Medicine

物联网推动我们走向我们想象中的医学未来，这利用了一个高度集成的复杂医疗设备网络。如今，物联网可以极大地增强医学研究、设备、护理和急救。所有要素的整合提供了更高的准确性、更注重细节、对事件的更快反应以及持续改进，同时减少了医学研究和组织的典型开销。

IoT pushes us towards our imagined future of medicine which exploits a highly integrated network of sophisticated medical devices. Today, IoT can dramatically enhance medical research, devices, care, and emergency care. The integration of all elements provides more accuracy, more attention to detail, faster reactions to events, and constant improvement while reducing the typical overhead of medical research and organizations.

Example

瓊恩是急診室的護士。接到了一个因涉入爭吵而受傷的男人的電話。該系統發現了這個病人並調出他的記錄。在現場，醫護人員的設備會自動捕捉重要的信息，並將其發送至醫院的接收人員。系統會分析新資料和目前的記錄，提供一個指導解決方案。在運送的過程中，系統每秒更新一次病人的狀態。該系統提示瓊恩批准有關藥物分發和醫療設備準備的系統動作。

Joan is a nurse in an emergency room. A call has come in for a man wounded in an altercation. The system recognized the patient and pulls his records. On the scene, paramedic equipment captures critical information automatically sent to the receiving parties at the hospital. The system analyzes the new data and current records to deliver a guiding solution. The status of the patient is updated every second in the system during his transport. The system prompts Joan to approve system actions for medicine distribution and medical equipment preparation.

IoT - Media, Marketing, & Advertising

物联网在媒体和广告中的应用涉及一种定制的体验，系统会分析和响应每个客户的需求和兴趣。这包括他们的总体行为模式、购买习惯、偏好、文化和其他特征。

The applications of IoT in media and advertising involve a customized experience in which the system analyzes and responds to the needs and interests of each customer. This includes their general behavior patterns, buying habits, preferences, culture, and other characteristics.

Marketing and Content Delivery

物联网以类似且更深的方式发挥作用，涉及当前的技术、分析和大数据。现有技术收集特定数据以随着时间的推移产生相关的指标和模式，然而，这些数据通常缺乏深度和准确性。物联网通过观察更多行为并以不同方式分析它们来改进这一点。

IoT functions in a similar and deeper way to current technology, analytics, and big data. Existing technology collects specific data to produce related metrics and patterns over time, however, that data often lacks depth and accuracy. IoT improves this by observing more behaviors and analyzing them differently.

This leads to more information and detail, which delivers more reliable metrics and patterns.
It allows organizations to better analyze and respond to customer needs or preferences.
It improves business productivity and strategy, and improves the consumer experience by only delivering relevant content and solutions.

Improved Advertising

当前的广告饱受过度和定位不佳的困扰。即使使用当今的分析，现代广告仍然失败。物联网承诺不同且个性化的广告，而不是一刀切的策略。它使广告从噪音转变为生活的实用部分，因为消费者通过物联网与广告互动，而不是仅仅接收它。这使得广告对在市场上寻找解决方案或想知道这些解决方案是否存在的人来说更具功能性和更有用。

Current advertising suffers from excess and poor targeting. Even with today’s analytics, modern advertising fails. IoT promises different and personalized advertising rather than one-size-fitsall strategies. It transforms advertising from noise to a practical part of life because consumers interact with advertising through IoT rather than simply receiving it. This makes advertising more functional and useful to people searching the marketplace for solutions or wondering if those solutions exist.

IoT - Environmental Monitoring

物联网在环境监控中的应用十分广泛——环境保护、极端天气监控、水安全、濒危物种保护、商业化养殖等等。在这些应用中，传感器检测并测量每种类型的环境变化。

The applications of IoT in environmental monitoring are broad − environmental protection, extreme weather monitoring, water safety, endangered species protection, commercial farming, and more. In these applications, sensors detect and measure every type of environmental change.

Air and Water Pollution

当前用于空气和水安全的监控技术主要使用人工劳动以及先进的仪器和实验室处理。物联网通过减少对人工劳动的需求、允许频繁取样、增加取样和监控的范围、允许在现场进行复杂测试以及将响应工作与检测系统绑定，从而改进了这项技术。这使我们能够防止严重的污染和相关灾害。

Current monitoring technology for air and water safety primarily uses manual labor along with advanced instruments, and lab processing. IoT improves on this technology by reducing the need for human labor, allowing frequent sampling, increasing the range of sampling and monitoring, allowing sophisticated testing on-site, and binding response efforts to detection systems. This allows us to prevent substantial contamination and related disasters.

Extreme Weather

尽管目前使用的高级系统功能强大，可以进行深度监控，但它们存在使用诸如雷达和卫星之类的广泛仪器而不是更精细的解决方案的问题。它们用于较小细节的仪器缺乏与更强大技术相同的准确定位。

Though powerful, advanced systems currently in use allow deep monitoring, they suffer from using broad instruments, such as radar and satellites, rather than more granular solutions. Their instruments for smaller details lack the same accurate targeting of stronger technology.

新的物联网发展承诺提供更精细的数据、更高的准确性和灵活性。有效的预测需要在范围、工具类型和部署方面具有高细节和灵活性。这样可以进行早期检测和早期响应，防止人命和财产损失。

New IoT advances promise more fine-grained data, better accuracy, and flexibility. Effective forecasting requires high detail and flexibility in range, instrument type, and deployment. This allows early detection and early responses to prevent loss of life and property.

Commercial Farming

当今复杂化商业农场已经利用先进技术与生物技术相当一段时间，但是，物联网引入了更多更深入自动和分析的途径。

Today’s sophisticated commercial farms have exploited advanced technology and biotechnology for quite some time, however, IoT introduces more access to deeper automation and analysis.

很多商业化农场，例如天气监测，都存在精度不足的情况，并且需要人力在监测领域工作。其自动化还保持受限。

Much of commercial farming, like weather monitoring, suffers from a lack of precision and requires human labor in the area of monitoring. Its automation also remains limited.

物联网允许操作去除大部分系统功能、农场分析和监测中的人工干预。系统可以检测出农作物、土壤、环境等方面的变化。它们通过对大量丰富的数据集合进行分析来优化标准流程。它们还可以防止健康危害（例如大肠杆菌）的发生，并允许更好的控制。

IoT allows operations to remove much of the human intervention in system function, farming analysis, and monitoring. Systems detect changes to crops, soil, environment, and more. They optimize standard processes through analysis of large, rich data collections. They also prevent health hazards (e.g., e. coli) from happening and allow better control.

IoT - Manufacturing Applications

当前正在使用的制造技术利用了标准技术以及现代分发和分析。物联网引入了更深入的集成和更强大的分析。这以前所未有的方式开启了制造业世界，因为组织变得完全具备向产品交付的能力，而不是一个松散连接起来的供应商、制造商和分销商的全球网络。

Manufacturing technology currently in use exploits standard technology along with modern distribution and analytics. IoT introduces deeper integration and more powerful analytics. This opens the world of manufacturing in a way never seen before, as organizations become fullydeveloped for product delivery rather than a global network of suppliers, makers, and distributors loosely tied together.

Intelligent Product Enhancements

与内容交付中的物联网非常相似，制造中的物联网允许获得更丰富的实时见解。这极大地减少了专门用于这一个领域的的时间和资源，后者在传统上要求在产品进入市场之前、期间和之后进行大量的市场调研。

Much like IoT in content delivery, IoT in manufacturing allows richer insight in real-time. This dramatically reduces the time and resources devoted to this one area, which traditionally requires heavy market research before, during, and well after the products hit the market.

物联网还可以降低推出新的或改进产品的风险，因为它提供了更可靠和更详细的信息。该信息直接来自市场使用和买家，而不是来自不同可信度的各种来源。

IoT also reduces the risks associated with launching new or modified products because it provides more reliable and detailed information. The information comes directly from market use and buyers rather than assorted sources of varied credibility.

Dynamic Response to Market Demands

供应市场需要维持受多种因素影响的某种平衡，例如经济状况、销售业绩、季节、供应商状况、制造设施状况、分销状况等。由于当今的全球合作伙伴关系，供应相关的费用提出了独特的挑战。相关的潜在或实际损失会极大地影响业务和未来的决策。

Supplying the market requires maintaining a certain balance impacted by a number of factors such as economy state, sales performance, season, supplier status, manufacturing facility status, distribution status, and more. The expenses associated with supply present unique challenges given today’s global partners. The associated potential or real losses can dramatically impact business and future decisions.

物联网通过确保以系统级别而非通过人为评估和决策来管理细微的细节，从而管理这些方面。物联网系统可以更好地评估和控制供应链（大多数产品），无论需求是高还是低。

IoT manages these areas through ensuring fine details are managed more at the system level rather than through human evaluations and decisions. An IoT system can better assess and control the supply chain (with most products), whether demands are high or low.

Lower Costs, Optimized Resource Use, and Waste Reduction

物联网替代了生产设施和整个供应链中的传统劳力和工具，从而削减了许多之前无法避免的成本；例如，传统上需要人工进行维护检查或测试可以通过物联网系统的仪器和传感器远程执行。

IoT offers a replacement for traditional labor and tools in a production facility and in the overall chain which cuts many previously unavoidable costs; for example, maintenance checks or tests traditionally requiring human labor can be performed remotely with instruments and sensors of an IoT system.

物联网还可以增强运作分析，以优化资源利用和劳动，并消除各种类型的浪费，例如能源和材料。它分析从源点到终点的整个流程，而不仅仅分析特定设施某一处的流程，这将使改进产生更重大的影响。它本质上减少了整个网络中的浪费，并将节省于整个网络中体现。

IoT also enhances operation analytics to optimize resource use and labor, and eliminate various types of waste, e.g., energy and materials. It analyzes the entire process from the source point to its end, not just the process at one point in a particular facility, which allows improvement to have a more substantial impact. It essentially reduces waste throughout the network, and returns those savings throughout.

Improved Facility Safety

由于流程、设备和产品处理带来的风险，典型的设施会遇到许多健康和安全危害。物联网有助于更好地控制和可见性。其监测扩展到设备的整个网络，不仅限于性能，还限于危险故障和使用。它有助于（或执行）分析和修复或纠正关键缺陷。

A typical facility suffers from a number of health and safety hazards due to risks posed by processes, equipment, and product handling. IoT aids in better control and visibility. Its monitoring extends throughout the network of devices for not only performance, but for dangerous malfunctions and usage. It aids (or performs) analysis and repair, or correction, of critical flaws.

Product Safety

即使是最复杂化的系统也不能避免故障、不合格产品和其他危害进入市场。有时，这些事件与制造流程无关，而是由未知冲突造成的。

Even the most sophisticated system cannot avoid malfunctions, nonconforming product, and other hazards finding their way to market. Sometimes these incidents have nothing to do with the manufacturing process, and result from unknown conflicts.

在制造中，物联网有助于避免召回并控制不合格或危险产品的配送。其高水平的可见性、控制和集成可以更好地包含出现的任何问题。

In manufacturing, IoT helps in avoiding recalls and controlling nonconforming or dangerous product distribution. Its high level of visibility, control, and integration can better contain any issues that appear.

Internet of Things - Energy Applications

物联网在制造业中的优化特性也适用于能耗。物联网允许广泛的能量控制和监控功能，在设备、商业和住宅能源使用以及能源源中都有应用。优化结果来自于大多数组织和个人以前无法获得的详细分析。

The optimization qualities of IoT in manufacturing also apply to energy consumption. IoT allows a wide variety of energy control and monitoring functions, with applications in devices, commercial and residential energy use, and the energy source. Optimization results from the detailed analysis previously unavailable to most organizations and individuals.

Residential Energy

技术的兴起推高了能源成本。消费者正在寻找减少或控制消耗的方法。物联网提供了一种复杂的方法来分析和优化使用，不仅在设备级别，而且在整个家庭系统中。这意味着可以简单地关闭或调暗灯光，或更改设备设置并修改多个家庭设置以优化能源使用。

The rise of technology has driven energy costs up. Consumers search for ways to reduce or control consumption. IoT offers a sophisticated way to analyze and optimize use not only at device level, but throughout the entire system of the home. This can mean simple switching off or dimming of lights, or changing device settings and modifying multiple home settings to optimize energy use.

物联网还可以发现由于老化设备、损坏设备或有故障系统组件等问题而导致的消耗问题。传统上，发现此类问题需要使用多个专业人员。

IoT can also discover problematic consumption from issues like older appliances, damaged appliances, or faulty system components. Traditionally, finding such problems required the use of often multiple professionals.

Commercial Energy

能源浪费可以轻而易举地对企业产生重大影响，因为即使是小规模的组织也能满足巨大的能源需求。较小的组织在以通常较小的利润率交付产品的同时，还在努力平衡业务成本，并且资金和技术有限。较大的组织必须监视庞大而复杂的能源使用生态系统，该生态系统为能源使用管理提供的简单有效解决方案很少。

Energy waste can easily and quietly impact business in a major way, given the tremendous energy needs of even small organizations. Smaller organizations wrestle with balancing costs of business while delivering a product with typically smaller margins, and working with limited funding and technology. Larger organizations must monitor a massive, complex ecosystem of energy use that offers few simple, effective solutions for energy use management.

物联网简化了能源监控和管理过程，同时保持低成本和高水平的精度。它解决了组织在设备中所有消费点的能源问题。其深入的分析和控制为组织提供了强大的手段来管理其消耗，以节省成本和优化输出。物联网系统与在复杂的业务网络中发现功能问题的方式相同，来发现能源问题，并提供解决方案。

IoT simplifies the process of energy monitoring and management while maintaining a low cost and high level of precision. It addresses all points of an organization’s consumption across devices. Its depth of analysis and control provides organizations with a strong means of managing their consumption for cost shaving and output optimization. IoT systems discover energy issues in the same way as functional issues in a complex business network, and provide solutions.

Reliability

物联网提供的分析和操作还有助于确保系统可靠性。除了消耗之外，物联网还可以防止系统过载或节流。它还可以检测对系统性能和稳定性的威胁，从而防止停机、设备损坏和人身伤害等损失。

The analytics and action delivered by IoT also help to ensure system reliability. Beyond consumption, IoT prevents system overloads or throttling. It also detects threats to system performance and stability, which protects against losses such as downtime, damaged equipment, and injuries.

Internet of Things - Healthcare Applications

应用于医疗保健的物联网系统增强了现有技术和一般的医学实践。它们扩大了专业人员在设施内及设施之外的覆盖范围。它们通过从大量现实案例中收集不同的数据来提高医疗数据的准确性和大小。他们还通过更复杂的医疗系统集成来提高医疗保健传递的准确性。

IoT systems applied to healthcare enhance existing technology, and the general practice of medicine. They expand the reach of professionals within a facility and far beyond it. They increase both the accuracy and size of medical data through diverse data collection from large sets of real-world cases. They also improve the precision of medical care delivery through more sophisticated integration of the healthcare system.

Research

当前的大部分医学研究都依赖于缺乏关键现实世界信息的资源。它使用受控环境、志愿者和基本上用于医学检查的剩余物。物联网通过实时现场数据、分析和测试开启了大量有价值信息的入口。

Much of current medical research relies on resources lacking critical real-world information. It uses controlled environments, volunteers, and essentially leftovers for medical examination. IoT opens the door to a wealth of valuable information through real-time field data, analysis, and testing.

物联网可以通过能够执行可行研究的集成仪器来提供优于标准分析的相关数据。它还集成到实际实践中以提供更多关键信息。通过提供更可靠和实用的数据、更好的线索来帮助医疗保健；产生更好的解决方案，发现以前未知的问题。

IoT can deliver relevant data superior to standard analytics through integrated instruments capable of performing viable research. It also integrates into actual practice to provide more key information. This aids in healthcare by providing more reliable and practical data, and better leads; which yields better solutions and discovery of previously unknown issues.

它还允许研究人员通过收集数据来避免风险，而无需制造场景和进行人体测试。

It also allows researchers to avoid risks by gathering data without manufactured scenarios and human testing.

Devices

当前设备的精度、功率和可用性正在迅速提高；然而，它们仍然比有效集成正确系统的物联网系统提供更少的质量。物联网释放了现有技术的潜力，并引导我们走向更新更好的医疗设备解决方案。

Current devices are rapidly improving in precision, power, and availability; however, they still offer less of these qualities than an IoT system integrating the right system effectively. IoT unlocks the potential of existing technology, and leads us toward new and better medical device solutions.

物联网通过创建一个逻辑系统而不是一个工具集合来弥合设备和我们提供医疗保健的方式之间的差距。然后，它揭示了医疗保健中的模式和缺失元素，例如明显的必要改进或巨大的缺陷。

IoT closes gaps between equipment and the way we deliver healthcare by creating a logical system rather than a collection of tools. It then reveals patterns and missing elements in healthcare such as obvious necessary improvements or huge flaws.

Care

物联网为医疗保健带来的最大改进可能是它赋予医疗保健专业人员更好地利用他们的培训和知识来解决问题的权力。他们利用更好的数据和设备，使他们能够了解盲点并支持更迅速、更准确的操作。他们的决策不再受当前系统断开连接和不良数据限制。

Perhaps the greatest improvement IoT brings to healthcare is in the actual practice of medicine because it empowers healthcare professionals to better use their training and knowledge to solve problems. They utilize far better data and equipment, which gives them a window into blind spots and supports more swift, precise actions. Their decision-making is no longer limited by the disconnects of current systems, and bad data.

物联网还提高了他们的专业发展，因为他们实际上是在发挥自己的才能，而不是花太多时间在行政或手头上工作。他们的组织决策也得到了改善，因为技术提供了更好的有利条件。

IoT also improves their professional development because they actually exercise their talent rather than spending too much time on administrative or manual tasks. Their organizational decisions also improve because technology provides a better vantage point.

Medical Information Distribution

医疗保健面临的挑战之一是向患者准确而及时地提供信息。医疗保健也面临着指导方面的困难，因为指导的遵循复杂性很高。物联网设备不仅可以改善设施和职业实践，还可以改善个人日常生活中的健康。

One of the challenges of medical care is the distribution of accurate and current information to patients. Healthcare also struggles with guidance given the complexity of following guidance. IoT devices not only improve facilities and professional practice, but also health in the daily lives of individuals.

物联网设备以比其他选择更不唐突的方式为患者提供直接的 24/7 访问权限。他们将医疗保健从设施带到家中、办公室或社交空间。他们赋予个人在自身健康方面进行治疗的权利，并允许提供者为患者提供更好、更精细的护理。这导致因沟通不畅引起的意外减少、患者满意度提高以及预防性护理得到改善。

IoT devices give direct, 24/7 access to the patient in a less intrusive way than other options. They take healthcare out of facilities and into the home, office, or social space. They empower individuals in attending to their own health, and allow providers to deliver better and more granular care to patients. This results in fewer accidents from miscommunication, improved patient satisfaction, and better preventive care.

Emergency Care

物联网的高级自动化和分析功能允许提供更强大的紧急支持服务，这些服务通常因其资源有限和与基本设施断开连接而受到影响。它提供了一种从数英里外更全面地分析紧急情况的方法。它还允许更多提供者在到达之前获得患者信息。物联网为应急专业人员在到达时提供必要的护理提供关键信息。它还提高了紧急专业人员提供给患者的护理水平。这样可以减少相关损失并改善紧急医疗保健。

The advanced automation and analytics of IoT allows more powerful emergency support services, which typically suffer from their limited resources and disconnect with the base facility. It provides a way to analyze an emergency in a more complete way from miles away. It also gives more providers access to the patient prior to their arrival. IoT gives providers critical information for delivering essential care on arrival. It also raises the level of care available to a patient received by emergency professionals. This reduces the associated losses, and improves emergency healthcare.

IoT - Building/Housing Applications

将物联网应用于建筑物和各种结构中，使我们能够以一种显着改善生活和工作环境的方式自动化日常住宅和商业任务和需求。正如在制造业和能源应用中所见，这会降低成本、提高安全性、改善个人生产率并提高生活质量。

IoT applied to buildings and various structures allows us to automate routine residential and commercial tasks and needs in a way that dramatically improves living and working environments. This, as seen with manufacturing and energy applications, reduces costs, enhances safety, improves individual productivity, and enhances quality of life.

Environment and Conditioning

由于许多工作因素，建筑工程中最大的挑战之一仍然是对环境和条件的管理。这些因素包括建筑材料、气候、建筑物用途等等。管理能源成本受到了最多的关注，但调节也会影响结构的耐久性和状态。

One of the greatest challenges in the engineering of buildings remains management of environment and conditions due to many factors at work. These factors include building materials, climate, building use, and more. Managing energy costs receives the most attention, but conditioning also impacts the durability and state of the structure.

物联网通过提供有关建筑物的更准确和完整的数据，帮助改进结构设计和管理现有结构。它提供了重要的工程信息，例如材料作为特定设计和环境中的绝缘材料的效果如何。

IoT aids in improving structure design and managing existing structures through more accurate and complete data on buildings. It provides important engineering information such as how well a material performs as insulation in a particular design and environment.

Health and Safety

建筑物即使在精心建造的情况下，也会遭受某些健康和安全问题。这些问题包括性能差的材料、使得建筑物容易受到极端天气影响的缺陷、地基不良等。

Buildings, even when constructed with care, can suffer from certain health and safety issues. These issues include poor performing materials, flaws that leave the building vulnerable to extreme weather, poor foundations, and more.

目前的解决方案缺乏在小问题成为大问题或紧急情况之前检测到小问题的复杂性。物联网通过以细致的方式观察问题以控制危险并帮助预防危险，提供了一个更可靠、更完整的解决方案；例如，它可以测量影响消防安全而不是仅仅检测烟雾的系统状态变化。

Current solutions lack the sophistication needed to detect minor issues before they become major issues, or emergencies. IoT offers a more reliable and complete solution by observing issues in a fine-grained way to control dangers and aid in preventing them; for example, it can measure changes in a system’s state impacting fire safety rather than simply detecting smoke.

Productivity and Quality of Life

除了安全或能源问题之外，大多数人都希望从住宅或商业场所获得某些舒适性，例如特定的照明和温度。物联网通过允许更快、更轻松地定制来增强这些舒适性。

Beyond safety or energy concerns, most people desire certain comforts from housing or commercial spaces like specific lighting and temperature. IoT enhances these comforts by allowing faster and easier customizing.

调整也适用于生产力领域。它们个性化空间以创建优化环境，例如为特定个人准备的智能办公室或厨房。

Adjustments also apply to the area of productivity. They personalize spaces to create an optimized environment such as a smart office or kitchen prepared for a specific individual.

IoT - Transportation Applications

在运输的每一层，物联网都提供了改进的通信、控制和数据分发。这些应用包括私家车、商用车、火车、无人机和其他设备。它扩展到整个运输系统的所有元素，例如交通管制、停车、燃料消耗等。

At every layer of transportation, IoT provides improved communication, control, and data distribution. These applications include personal vehicles, commercial vehicles, trains, UAVs, and other equipment. It extends throughout the entire system of all transportation elements such as traffic control, parking, fuel consumption, and more.

Rails and Mass Transit

当前系统提供复杂化的集成和性能，但是，它们采用旧技术和方法进行 MRT。物联网带来的改进提供了更完整的控制和监测。这带来了总性能、维护问题、维护和改进方面的更好管理。

Current systems deliver sophisticated integration and performance, however, they employ older technology and approaches to MRT. The improvements brought by IoT deliver more complete control and monitoring. This results in better management of overall performance, maintenance issues, maintenance, and improvements.

除标准 MRT 以外的大众运输选择缺乏必要的集成，无法将其从一种选择转变为专用服务。物联网提供了一种低成本、先进的方法来优化性能，并将 MRT 的品质带入其他运输选项，例如公共汽车。这在排班、优化运输时间、可靠性、管理设备问题和响应客户需求方面改进了服务和服务交付。

Mass transit options beyond standard MRT suffer from a lack of the integration necessary to transform them from an option to a dedicated service. IoT provides an inexpensive and advanced way to optimize performance and bring qualities of MRT to other transportation options like buses. This improves services and service delivery in the areas of scheduling, optimizing transport times, reliability, managing equipment issues, and responding to customer needs.

Road

交通的主要问题在于管理拥堵、减少事故和停车。物联网使我们能够通过所有交通观察点的设备更好地观察和分析交通流量。通过使存储流量变得透明，它有助于停车，而当前方法几乎没有提供任何数据。

The primary concerns of traffic are managing congestion, reducing accidents, and parking. IoT allows us to better observe and analyze the flow of traffic through devices at all traffic observation points. It aids in parking by making storage flow transparent when current methods offer little if any data.

事故通常是由多种因素造成的，但是，交通管理会影响其频率。施工现场、重新规划不佳和缺乏交通状况信息都是导致事故的问题。物联网提供解决方案，以更好的与公众和直接影响道路交通的各方共享信息的形式提供解决方案。

Accidents typically result from a number of factors, however, traffic management impacts their frequency. Construction sites, poor rerouting, and a lack of information about traffic status are all issues that lead to incidents. IoT provides solutions in the form of better information sharing with the public, and between various parties directly affecting road traffic.

Automobile

汽车行业中的许多人设想未来的汽车将搭载物联网技术，使汽车成为“智能”的且有吸引力的选择，与 MRT 相当。物联网为个人车辆提供了少量的重大改进。大部分好处源于对相关基础设施和汽车运输的固有缺陷的更好控制；但是，物联网确实改善了个人车辆的个人空间。物联网为车辆带来了与家居中一样的改进和定制化。

Many in the automotive industry envision a future for cars in which IoT technology makes cars “smart,” attractive options equal to MRT. IoT offers few significant improvements to personal vehicles. Most benefits come from better control over related infrastructure and the inherent flaws in automobile transport; however, IoT does improve personal vehicles as personal spaces. IoT brings the same improvements and customization to a vehicle as those in the home.

Commercial Transportation

通过优化组织的运输部门，交通好处延伸到了商业和制造业。它通过更好的分析和控制（例如监控怠速、燃料消耗、行驶情况和两点之间的行驶时间）减少并消除了与车队管理不佳相关的麻烦。这导致产品运输更像是一个一致的服务，而不是一系列的签约服务。

Transportation benefits extend to business and manufacturing by optimizing the transport arm of organizations. It reduces and eliminates problems related to poor fleet management through better analytics and control such as monitoring idling, fuel consumption, travel conditions, and travel time between points. This results in product transportation operating more like an aligned service and less like a collection of contracted services.

Internet of Things - Education Applications

课堂中的物联网结合了内容传递、商业和医疗保健中的物联网优势。通过允许优化所有内容和传递形式，它能够定制化并提升教育。它使教育者能够关注个人和他们的方法。它还通过自动化实际教育过程以外的常见任务来降低教育成本和劳动力。

IoT in the classroom combines the benefits of IoT in content delivery, business, and healthcare. It customizes and enhances education by allowing optimization of all content and forms of delivery. It enables educators to give focus to individuals and their method. It also reduces costs and labor of education through automation of common tasks outside of the actual education process.

Education Organizations

教育机构通常遭受资金有限、劳动力问题以及对实际教育关注不足的困扰。与其他组织不同，它们通常由于资金问题和认为分析不适用于其行业而缺乏或回避分析。

Education organizations typically suffer from limited funding, labor issues, and poor attention to actual education. They, unlike other organizations, commonly lack or avoid analytics due to their funding issues and the belief that analytics do not apply to their industry.

物联网不仅提供了有价值的见解，而且还通过低成本、低功耗的小型设备实现了信息的民主化，这些设备仍然提供高性能。此技术有助于管理成本、提高教育质量、专业发展和设施管理，方法是对关键领域进行详细的检查−

IoT not only provides valuable insight, but it also democratizes that information through lowcost, low-power small devices, which still offer high performance. This technology aids in managing costs, improving the quality of education, professional development, and facility management improvement through rich examinations of key areas −

Student response, performance, and behavior
Instructor response, performance, and behavior
Facility monitoring and maintenance
Data from other facilities

数据向他们通报了低效的策略和行动，无论是教育措施还是设施质量。移除这些障碍使它们变得更有效。

Data informs them about ineffective strategies and actions, whether educational efforts or facility qualities. Removing these roadblocks makes them more effective.

Educators

物联网提供的信息使教育者能够提供更好的教育。他们对自己的策略成功、学生的视角以及其表现的其他方面有一个窗口。物联网让他们不必承担管理和管理职责，因此他们可以专注于自己的使命。它自动化手动和文书工作，并通过系统标记或控件等功能促进监督，以确保学生保持参与。

Information provided by IoT empowers educators to deliver improved education. They have a window into the success of their strategies, their students' perspective, and other aspects of their performance. IoT relieves them of administrative and management duties, so they can focus on their mission. It automates manual and clerical labor, and facilitates supervising through features like system flags or controls to ensure students remain engaged.

物联网为教师提供了强大的教育工具，并且易于获取。教育者可以使用物联网作为一对一教师，为每个学生提供特定的教学设计；例如，使用数据确定每位学生最有效的补充措施，并根据需要从课程资料自动生成内容以供任何学生使用。

IoT provides instructors with easy access to powerful educational tools. Educators can use IoT to perform as a one-on-one instructor providing specific instructional designs for each pupil; for example, using data to determine the most effective supplements for each student, and autogenerating content from lesson materials on-demand for any student.

技术的应用改进了教育者的专业发展，因为他们真正看到了有效的方法，并学会了设计出更好的策略，而不是仅仅重复旧的或无效的方法。

The application of technology improves the professional development of educators because they truly see what works, and learn to devise better strategies, rather than simply repeating old or ineffective methods.

物联网还增强了用于设计教育标准和实践的知识库。教育研究存在准确性问题和普遍缺乏数据。物联网将大量高质量的真实数据集引入教育设计的基础中。这源于物联网独特的能在任何地方收集大量不同类型数据的能力。

IoT also enhances the knowledge base used to devise education standards and practices. Education research suffers from accuracy issues and a general lack of data. IoT introduces large high quality, real-world datasets into the foundation of educational design. This comes from IoT’s unique ability to collect enormous amounts of varied data anywhere.

Personalized Education

物联网促进了教育定制化，使每个学生都能获得他们所需的内容。每个学生都可以控制自己的体验并参与教学设计，而其中大部分都是被动发生的。学生只需使用该系统，性能数据就会塑造自己的设计。这与组织和教育者优化相结合，在降低成本的同时提供了高效的教育。

IoT facilitates the customization of education to give every student access to what they need. Each student can control their experience and participate in instructional design, and much of this happens passively. The student simply utilizes the system, and performance data primarily shapes their design. This combined with organizational and educator optimization delivers highly effective education while reducing costs.

Internet of Things - Government Applications

物联网支持智能国家和智能城市的发展。这包括增强先前讨论过的基础设施（例如，医疗保健、能源、运输等）、国防以及社区的工程和维护。

IoT supports the development of smart nations and smart cities. This includes enhancement of infrastructure previously discussed (e.g., healthcare, energy, transportation, etc.), defense, and also the engineering and maintenance of communities.

City Planning and Management

治理机构和工程师可以使用物联网来分析城市规划和管理通常复杂的方面。物联网简化了对人口增长、分区、制图、供水、交通模式、粮食供应、社会服务和土地利用等各种因素的审查。它收集了这些领域的详细信息，并产生了比当前分析更有价值、更准确的信息，因为它能够与城市中的人“生活”在一起。

Governing bodies and engineers can use IoT to analyze the often complex aspects of city planning and management. IoT simplifies examining various factors such as population growth, zoning, mapping, water supply, transportation patterns, food supply, social services, and land use. It gathers detailed data in these areas and produces more valuable and accurate information than current analytics given its ability to actually “live” with people in a city.

在管理领域，物联网通过在交通和医疗保健等主要服务和基础设施中实施为城市提供支持。它还帮助其他关键领域，如水控制、废物管理和紧急管理。它的实时和详细信息促使人们迅速做出决策，与传统过程相反，传统过程受到信息滞后的困扰，这在紧急管理中是至关重要的。

In the area of management, IoT supports cities through its implementation in major services and infrastructure such as transportation and healthcare. It also aids in other key areas like water control, waste management, and emergency management. Its real-time and detailed information facilitate more prompt decisions in contrast to the traditional process plagued by information lag, which can be critical in emergency management.

标准国家服务也因物联网而得到改善，物联网可以自动化原本缓慢的过程，并削减不必要的国家开支；例如，它可以自动化机动车服务的测试、许可证和许可。

Standard state services are also improved by IoT, which can automate otherwise slow processes and trim unnecessary state expenses; for example, it can automate motor vehicle services for testing, permits, and licensing.

物联网还可以通过跳过测试或不良的研究，并提供有关如何优化城市的功能数据，从而帮助城市改善。这导致更快、更有意义的变化。

IoT also aids in urban improvement by skipping tests or poor research, and providing functional data for how the city can be optimized. This leads to faster and more meaningful changes.

Creating Jobs

物联网提供全面的经济分析。它使以前看不到的盲点变得可见，并支持更好的经济监测和建模。它分析产业和市场，发现增长机会和障碍。

IoT offers thorough economic analysis. It makes previous blind spots visible and supports better economic monitoring and modeling. It analyzes industry and the marketplace to spot opportunities for growth and barriers.

National Defense

国家威胁复杂多样。物联网增强了武装力量系统和服务，并提供了管理国家防御格局所需的复杂性。它支持以低成本、高性能设备进行丰富的控制和观察，从而更好地保护边境。

National threats prove diverse and complicated. IoT augments armed forces systems and services, and offers the sophistication necessary to manage the landscape of national defense. It supports better protection of borders through inexpensive, high performance devices for rich control and observation.

物联网自动化了通常分布在多个部门和无数个人身上的保护任务。在提高准确性和速度的同时实现了这一目标。

IoT automates the protection tasks typically spread across several departments and countless individuals. It achieves this while improving accuracy and speed.

IoT - Law Enforcement Applications

物联网增强了执法组织和实践，并改善了司法系统。该技术提高了透明度，分发了关键数据，并在不必要的情况下消除了人为干预。

IoT enhances law enforcement organizations and practice, and improves the justice system. The technology boosts transparency, distributes critical data, and removes human intervention where it proves unnecessary.

Policing

执法可能具有挑战性。物联网充当执法工具，它通过更好的数据、信息共享和先进的自动化，减少了体力劳动和主观决策。物联网系统通过减少某些领域的体力劳动（如某些交通违规）来节省成本。

Law enforcement can be challenging. IoT acts as an instrument of law enforcement which reduces manual labor and subjective decisions through better data, information sharing, and advanced automation. IoT systems shave costs by reducing human labor in certain areas such as certain traffic violations.

物联网通过用技术代替武力来帮助创造更好的解决方案；例如，可以利用远程观察、违规活动的视频记录和电子罚单来替代可疑活动的现场调查。此外，还可以通过消除某些违规行为的人为控制和意见来减少腐败。

IoT aids in creating better solutions to problems by using technology in the place of force; for example, light in-person investigations of suspicious activities can be replaced with remote observation, logged footage of violations, and electronic ticketing. It also reduces corruption by removing human control and opinion for some violations.

Court System

当前的法院系统利用了传统技术和资源。它们通常不会在轻微法律任务之外利用现代分析或自动化。物联网为法院系统带来了卓越的分析、更好的证据和优化的流程，这些可以加速流程、消除过度程序、控制腐败、降低成本并提高满意度。

Current court systems utilize traditional technology and resources. They generally do not exploit modern analytics or automation outside of minor legal tasks. IoT brings superior analytics, better evidence, and optimized processes to court systems which accelerate processes, eliminate excessive procedures, manage corruption, reduce costs, and improve satisfaction.

在刑事法院系统中，这可以带来更加高效和公平的系统。在日常法院服务中，它引入了类似于普通政府办公服务的自动化；例如，物联网可以自动生成有限责任公司。

In the criminal court system, this can result in a more effective and fair system. In routine court services, it introduces automation similar to that of common government office services; for example, IoT can automate forming an LLC.

物联网与新法规相结合可以从许多常见的法律任务中去除律师或减少对他们参与的需求。这降低了成本并加速了许多流程，这些流程通常需要数月的时间来处理法律程序和繁文缛节。

IoT combined with new regulations can remove lawyers from many common legal tasks or reduce the need for their involvement. This reduces costs and accelerates many processes which often require months of traversing legal procedures and bureaucracy.

Internet of Things - Consumer Applications

消费者从物联网的优化和数据分析中获得了个人和职业上的益处。物联网技术的行为就像一个由个人助理、顾问和安全人员组成的团队。它增强了我们的生活、工作和玩耍方式。

Consumers benefit personally and professionally from the optimization and data analysis of IoT. IoT technology behaves like a team of personal assistants, advisors, and security. It enhances the way we live, work, and play.

Home

物联网取代了全职人员 −

IoT takes the place of a full staff −

Butler − IoT waits for you to return home, and ensures your home remains fully prepared. It monitors your supplies, family, and the state of your home. It takes actions to resolve any issues that appear.
Chef − An IoT kitchen prepares meals or simply aids you in preparing them.
Nanny − IoT can somewhat act as a guardian by controlling access, providing supplies, and alerting the proper individuals in an emergency.
Gardner − The same IoT systems of a farm easily work for home landscaping.
Repairman − Smart systems perform key maintenance and repairs, and also request them.
Security Guard − IoT watches over you 24/7. It can observe suspicious individuals miles away, and recognize the potential of minor equipment problems to become disasters well before they do.

Work

智能办公室或其他工作空间将工作环境定制和智能工具相结合。物联网会学习您、您的工作及其工作方式来提供优化环境。这能实现一些实际的便利，比如调整室温，还有一些更高级的好处，比如修改您的时间表和使用工具来提高工作效率并减少工作时间。物联网充当着管理者和顾问，能够看出您看不到的地方。

A smart office or other workspace combines customization of the work environment with smart tools. IoT learns about you, your job, and the way you work to deliver an optimized environment. This results in practical accommodations like adjusting the room temperature, but also more advanced benefits like modifying your schedule and the tools you use to increase your output and reduce your work time. IoT acts as a manager and consultant capable of seeing what you cannot.

Play

物联网在学习您个人方面和在学习您专业方面一样深入。这使技术能够支持闲暇——

IoT learns as much about you personally as it does professionally. This enables the technology to support leisure −

Culture and Night Life − IoT can analyze your real-world activities and response to guide you in finding more of the things and places you enjoy such as recommending restaurants and events based on your preferences and experiences.
Vacations − Planning and saving for vacations proves difficult for some, and many utilize agencies, which can be replaced by IoT.
Products and Services − IoT offers better analysis of the products you like and need than current analytics based on its deeper access. It integrates with key information like your finances to recommend great solutions.

Internet of Things - Thingworx

Thingworx 是一个用于快速开发和部署智能互联设备的平台。其一系列集成的物联网开发工具支持物联网开发的连接、分析、生产和其它方面。

Thingworx is a platform for the rapid development and deployment of smart, connected devices. Its set of integrated IoT development tools support connectivity, analysis, production, and other aspects of IoT development.

它提供了用于实施增强现实发展的 Vuforia 和用于工业连接的 Kepware。KEPServerEX 提供了一个数据分发点，并在与 ThingWorx 代理配对时促进了互操作性。

It offers Vuforia for implementing augmented reality development, and Kepware for industrial connectivity. KEPServerEX provides a single point for data distribution, and facilitates interoperability when partnered with a ThingWorx agent.

Components

Thingworx 提供了一些构建应用程序的关键工具。这些工具包括 Composer、Mashup Builder、存储、搜索引擎、协作和连接。Composer 提供了一个用于设计测试的建模环境。Mashup Builder 通过常见的组件（或小部件）来简单地构建仪表盘；例如，按钮、列表、维基、仪表等。

Thingworx offers several key tools for building applications. These tools include the Composer, the Mashup Builder, storage, a search engine, collaboration, and connectivity. The Composer provides a modeling environment for design testing. The Mashup Builder delivers easy dashboard building through common components (or widgets); for example, buttons, lists, wikis, gauges, and etc.

Thingworx 使用了一个名为 SQUEAL 的搜索引擎，即搜索、查询和分析。用户使用 SQUEAL 分析和过滤数据，以及搜索记录。

Thingworx uses a search engine known as SQUEAL, meaning Search, Query, and Analysis. Users employ SQUEAL in analyzing and filtering data, and searching records.

Interface

ThingWorx 平台使用某些术语，您必须熟悉它们。在主屏幕的顶部菜单中，您可以搜索或创建 entities 。“实体”指 ThingWorx 中创建的事物。您还可以导入/导出文件并在其上执行各种操作。

The ThingWorx platform uses certain terms you must familiarize yourself with. In the main screen’s top menu, you search for entities or create them. “Entity” refers to something created in ThingWorx. You can also import/export files and perform various operations on them.

在左侧菜单中，您会找到实体组，用于生成模型和可视化数据；并管理存储、协作、安全和系统。

In the left menu, you find entity groups, which are used to produce models and visualize data; and manage storage, collaboration, security, and the system.

当您在菜单中选择建模类别时，您将通过创建实体开始此过程。实体可以是任何物理设备或软件元素，它会在其属性值发生变化时生成事件；例如，传感器检测到温度变化。您可以设置 events 通过订阅触发操作，该订阅会根据设备变化做出决策。

When you select the Modeling category in the menu, you begin the process by creating an entity. The entity can be any physical device or software element, and it produces an event on changes to its property values; for example, a sensor detects a temperature change. You can set events to trigger actions through a subscription which makes decisions based on device changes.

Data Shapes 由一个或多个字段组成。它们描述了自定义事件、信息表、流和数据表的数据结构。数据形状被认为是实体。

Data Shapes consist of one or more fields. They describe the data structure of custom events, infotables, streams, and datatables. Data shapes are considered entities.

Thing Templates 和 Thing Shapes 使开发人员避免在大型物联网系统中重复设备属性定义。开发人员创建 Thing 模版以允许新设备继承属性。他们使用 Thing 形状来定义模板、属性或执行服务。

Thing Templates and Thing Shapes allow developers to avoid repeating device property definitions in large IoT systems. Developers create Thing Templates to allow new devices to inherit properties. They use Thing Shapes to define Templates, properties, or execute services.

请注意，Thing 只能从单个模板继承属性、服务、事件和其他特性，但是，Thing 和模板可以从多个 Thing 形状继承属性。

Note a Thing only inherits properties, services, events, and other qualities from a single template, however, Things and templates can inherit properties from multiple Thing Shapes.

Development

ThingWorx 实际上需要非常少的编程。用户连接设备、建立数据源、建立设备行为，并在不编写任何代码的情况下构建界面。它还提供了适用于业余爱好者项目和工业应用的可扩展性。

ThingWorx actually requires very little programming. Users connect devices, establish a data source, establish device behaviors, and build an interface without any coding. It also offers scalability appropriate for both hobbyist projects and industrial applications.

IoT - CISCO Virtualized Packet Zone

思科虚拟化分组核心（VPC）是一项技术，为 4G、3G、2G、WiFi 和小型蜂窝网络提供所有核心服务。它将网络功能作为虚拟化服务提供，以允许更大的可扩展性和更快速、更低成本地部署新服务。它跨所有资源（无论是虚拟还是物理）分发和管理分组核心功能。其主要功能包括分组核心服务整合、动态扩展和系统敏捷性。

Cisco Virtualized Packet Core (VPC) is a technology providing all core services for 4G, 3G, 2G, WiFi, and small cell networks. It delivers networking functionality as virtualized services to allow greater scalability and faster deployment of new services at a reduced cost. It distributes and manages packet core functions across all resources, whether virtual or physical. Its key features include packet core service consolidation, dynamic scaling, and system agility.

其技术通过提供网络功能虚拟化、SDN（软件定义网络）和快速网络系统部署来支持物联网。这一点至关重要，因为其虚拟化和 SDN 支持低功耗、高流量网络，以及简单部署各种小型设备。通过整合到单一系统和单一技术以连接和集成所有元素，它消除了许多物联网系统以及冲突中的微小细节。

Its technology supports IoT by offering network function virtualization, SDN (software-defined networking), and rapid networked system deployment. This proves critical because its virtualization and SDN support low-power, high flow networking, and the simple deployment of a wide variety of small devices. It eliminates many of the finer details of IoT systems, and conflicts, through consolidating into a single system and single technology for connecting and integrating all elements.

Use Case : Smart Transportation

铁路运输提供了一个有效的例子来说明 VPC 的强大功能。VPC 解决的问题与安全性、移动性、效率和服务改进有关−

Rail transportation provides a viable example of the power of VPC. The problems VPC solves relate to safety, mobility, efficiency, and service improvement −

Rail applications use their own purpose-built networks, and suffer from interoperability issues; for example, trackside personnel cannot always communicate with local police due to different technologies.
Determining if passengers need extra time to board remains a mostly manual task.
Data updates, like schedules, remain manual.
Each piece of equipment, e.g., a surveillance camera, requires its own network and power source.

VPC 通过在标准网络上引入直接通信、更多和自动监控、通过智能标志的自动数据更新以及所有设备的原生 IP 网络以及基于以太网供电 (PoE) 技术来改善服务。这导致乘客感觉更安全，并享受到更好的服务质量。

VPC improves service by introducing direct communication over a standard network, more and automated monitoring, automatic data updates through smart signs, and native IP networks for all devices along with PoE (Power over Ethernet) technology. This results in passengers who feel safer, and enjoy a better quality service.

Internet of Things - Salesforce

Salesforce IoT Cloud是一个用于存储和处理IoT数据的平台。它使用Thunder引擎进行可扩展，实时事件处理。称为Lightning的应用程序开发组件集为其应用程序提供动力。它收集来自设备，网站，应用程序，客户和合作伙伴的数据，以触发实时响应操作。

The Salesforce IoT Cloud is a platform for storing and processing IoT data. It uses the Thunder engine for scalable, real-time event processing. Its collection of application development components, known as Lightning, powers its applications. It gathers data from devices, websites, applications, customers, and partners to trigger actions for real-time responses.

CRM领导者Salesforce决定进入此空间，这是由于在未来时代保持竞争力所需的。 IoT云通过扩大其覆盖范围和分析深度来增加Salesforce。

Salesforce, a CRM leader, decided to enter this space due to the need to remain competitive in the coming era. The IoT cloud adds to Salesforce by expanding its reach, and the depth of its analytics.

Salesforce与IoT相结合，通过更紧密的集成和对实时事件的响应，显著提高了客户服务；例如，风力涡轮机的调整可以在航空公司乘客降落之前自动重新预订延迟/取消的连接航班。

Salesforce combined with IoT delivers dramatically improved customer service with tighter integration and responses to real-time events; for example, adjustments in wind turbines could trigger automatic rebooking of delayed/canceled connecting flights before airline passengers land.

Electric Imp

Electric Imp平台是Salesforce建议的将设备快速连接到云的方法。您通过Squirrel语言开发应用程序；高级，面向对象，轻量级脚本语言。应用程序由两个模块组成：设备模块（在设备上运行）；和代理模块（在Electric Imp云中运行）。该平台确保模块之间的安全通信，并且您使用简单的调用向设备发送消息 −

The Electric Imp platform is Salesforce’s recommended method for quickly connecting devices to the cloud. You develop applications through the Squirrel language; a high level, OO, lightweight scripting language. Applications consist of two modules: the device module, which runs on the device; and the agent module, which runs in the Electric Imp cloud. The platform ensures secure communication between the modules, and you send devices messages with a simple call −

agent.send("nameOfmessage", data);

使用以下代码侦听代理上的消息：

Listen for messages on the agent with the following code −

device.on("nameOfmessage", function(data) {

  //Data operations

});

除了这些基本任务之外，设备交互，监视和响应的编码类似于标准的Web应用程序开发，并且使用简单易学的语法。

Beyond these basic tasks, coding for device interaction, monitoring, and response resembles standard web application development, and uses a simple, easy-to-learn syntax.

Internet of Things - GE Predix

GE (通用电气) Predix 是一个用于从工业仪表收集数据的软件平台。它提供了基于云的 PaaS（平台即服务），该平台支持工业级分析，以实现操作优化和性能管理。它以标准方式连接数据、个人和设备。

GE (General Electric) Predix is a software platform for data collection from industrial instruments. It provides a cloud-based PaaS (platform as a service), which enables industrial-grade analytics for operations optimization and performance management. It connects data, individuals, and equipment in a standard way.

Predix 的设计目标是工厂，并赋予其生态系统与改变移动电话的操作系统相同的简单而有效的功能。它最初是通用电气内部物联网的工具，专门用于监控销售的产品。

Predix was designed to target factories, and give their ecosystems the same simple and productive function as operating systems that transformed mobile phones. It began as a tool for General Electric’s internal IoT, specifically created to monitor products sold.

Ge Predix Partnered with Microsoft Azure

Microsoft 的 Azure 是一个云计算平台和支持基础设施。它提供 PaaS 和 IaaS，以及用于构建系统的各种工具。最近在 Azure 上提供服务的 Predix 利用了大量额外功能，例如人工智能、高级数据可视化和自然语言技术。Microsoft 计划最终将其与 Azure IoT 套件和 Cortana Intelligence 套件以及其成熟的业务应用程序集成在一起。Azure 还允许用户使用 Predix 数据构建应用程序。请注意，AWS 和 Oracle 也支持 Predix。

Microsoft’s Azure is a cloud computing platform and supporting infrastructure. It provides PaaS and IaaS, and assorted tools for building systems. Predix, recently made available on Azure, exploits a host of extra features like AI, advanced data visualization, and natural language technology. Microsoft plans to eventually integrate Predix with its Azure IoT suite and Cortana Intelligence suite, and also their well-established business applications. Azure will also allow users to build applications using Predix data. Note AWS and Oracle also support Predix.

Developer Kits

GE 提供经济的开发工具包，其中包括一般组件和英特尔爱迪生处理器模块。开发者可以选择双核板和树莓派板。开发者只需提供 IP 地址、以太网连接、电源和轻量级编程即可设置数据收集。

GE offers inexpensive developer kits consisting of general components and an Intel Edison processor module. Developers have the options of a dual core board and a Raspberry Pi board. Developers need only provide an IP address, Ethernet connection, power supply, and light programming to set data collection.

该工具包会自动建立必需的连接，向中心 Predix 系统注册并开始从传感器传输环境数据。用户订购硬件/软件输出，GE Digital 拥有并管理用户的硬件和软件。

The kit automatically establishes the necessary connection, registers with the central Predix system, and begins transmitting environmental data from sensors. Users subscribe to hardware/software output, and GE Digital owns and manages the hardware and software for the user.

该工具包取代了模拟和测试环境的笨拙且复杂的组装。在其他模拟中，开发者通常使用一套庞大的软件（每个设备一个），并为每个连接制定特定的配置。他们还要对每个设备的监控进行编程，有时可能需要花几个小时。该工具包极大地减少了完成这些任务所花费的时间，从几个小时缩短到只有几分钟。

This kit replaces the awkward and involved assemblies of simulations and testing environments. In other simulations, developers typically use a large set of software (one for each device), and specific configurations for each connection. They also program the monitoring of each device, which can sometimes take hours. The kit reduces much of the time spent performing these tasks from hours to only minutes.

该工具包还包括用于设计与 Predix 服务合作的 IoT 应用程序的软件组件。GE 计划针对不同应用程序发布该工具包的其他版本。

The kit also includes software components for designing an IoT application that partners with Predix services. GE plans to release other versions of the kit for different applications.

Internet of Things - Eclipse

Eclipse 物联网是一个实体（行业和学术界）生态系统，共同致力于创建基于完全开源技术的物联网基础。他们的重点仍然是生成物联网标准技术的开源实现；为物联网解决方案利用创建开源框架和服务；以及为物联网开发人员开发工具。

Eclipse IoT is an ecosystem of entities (industry and academia) working together to create a foundation for IoT based exclusively on open source technologies. Their focus remains in the areas of producing open source implementations of IoT standard technology; creating open source frameworks and services for utilization in IoT solutions; and developing tools for IoT developers.

Smarthome Project

SmartHome 是 Eclipse 物联网的主要服务之一。它的目标是创建一个用于构建智能家居解决方案的框架，其重点仍然是异构环境，这意味着各种协议和标准集成。

SmartHome is one of Eclipse IoT’s major services. It aims to create a framework for building smart home solutions, and its focus remains heterogeneous environments, meaning assorted protocols and standards integration.

SmartHome 提供统一的设备和信息访问，以促进设备之间的交互。它由能够部署在 OSGi 运行时中的 OSGi 扩展包组成，其中 OSGi 服务被定义为扩展点。

SmartHome provides uniform device and information access to facilitate interaction between devices. It consists of OSGi bundles capable of deployment in an OSGi runtime, with OSGi services defined as extension points.

OSGi 扩展包是 Java 类组和其他资源，还包括详细的清单文件。清单包含有关文件内容、增强类行为所需的服务以及作为组件的聚合性质的信息。下方查看清单示例：

OSGi bundles are Java class groups and other resources, which also include detailed manifest files. The manifest contains information on file contents, services needed to enhance class behavior, and the nature of the aggregate as a component. Review an example of a manifest below −

Bundle-Name : Hi Everyone                        // Bundle Name
Bundle-SymbolicName : xyz.xyz.hievery1           // Header specifying an identifier
Bundle-Description : A Hi Everyone bundle        // Functionality description
Bundle-ManifestVersion : 2                       // OSGi specification
Bundle-Version : 1.0.0                           // Version number of bundle
Bundle-Activator : xyz.xyz.Activator             // Class invoked on bundle activation
Export-Package : xyz.xyz.helloworld;version = "1.0.0" // Java packages available externally
Import-Package : org.osgi.framework;version = "1.3.0"   // Java packages needed from
// external source

Eclipse SCADA

Eclipse SCADA 是另一项主要的 Eclipse 物联网服务，它提供了一种将各种工业仪器连接到共享通信系统的方式。它还对数据进行后处理，并将数据可视化发送给操作员。它使用具有通信服务、监控系统、归档和数据可视化的 SCADA 系统。

Eclipse SCADA, another major Eclipse IoT service, delivers a means of connecting various industrial instruments to a shared communication system. It also post-processes data and sends data visualizations to operators. It uses a SCADA system with a communication service, monitoring system, archive, and data visualization.

它的目标是成为一个完整的、最先进的开源 SCADA 系统，用于开发定制解决方案。它支持的技术和工具包括 shell 应用程序、JDBC、Modbus TCP 和 RTU、Simatic S7 PLC、OPC 和 SNMP。

It aims to be a complete, state-of-the-art open source SCADA system for developing custom solutions. Its supported technologies and tools include shell applications, JDBC, Modbus TCP and RTU, Simatic S7 PLC, OPC, and SNMP.

Internet of Things - Contiki

Contiki 是一个物联网操作系统，专门针对内存、电源、带宽和处理能力有限的小型物联网设备。它采用极简主义设计，同时仍然包含现代操作系统的常用工具。它提供了用于管理程序、进程、资源、内存和通信的功能。

Contiki is an operating system for IoT that specifically targets small IoT devices with limited memory, power, bandwidth, and processing power. It uses a minimalist design while still packing the common tools of modern operating systems. It provides functionality for management of programs, processes, resources, memory, and communication.

其受欢迎程度归功于极轻量级（按照现代标准）、成熟且灵活。许多学者、组织研究人员和专业人士将其视为一种必备操作系统。Contiki 只需几千字节即可运行，且在不到 30KB 的空间内，它便容纳了其整个操作系统 − 网页浏览器、网络服务器、计算器、外壳、Telnet 客户端和守护程序、电子邮件客户端、VNC 查看器和 FTP。它借鉴了几十年前的操作系统和开发策略，轻松地利用了同样小的空间。

It owes its popularity to being very lightweight (by modern standards), mature, and flexible. Many academics, organization researchers, and professionals consider it a go-to OS. Contiki only requires a few kilobytes to run, and within a space of under 30KB, it fits its entire operating system − a web browser, web server, calculator, shell, telnet client and daemon, email client, vnc viewer, and ftp. It borrows from operating systems and development strategies from decades ago, which easily exploited equally small space.

Contiki Communication

Contiki 支持标准协议和 IoT 的最新启用协议 −

Contiki supports standard protocols and recent enabling protocols for IoT −

uIP (for IPv4) − This TCP/IP implementation supports 8-bit and 16-bit microcontrollers.
uIPv6 (for IPv6) − This is a fully compliant IPv6 extension to uIP.
Rime − This alternative stack provides a solution when IPv4 or IPv6 prove prohibitive. It offers a set of primitives for low-power systems.
6LoWPAN − This stands for IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks. It provides compression technology to support the low data rate wireless needed by devices with limited resources.
RPL − This distance vector IPv6 protocol for LLNs (low-power and lossy networks) allows the best possible path to be found in a complex network of devices with varied capability.
CoAP − This protocol supports communication for simple devices, typically devices requiring heavy remote supervision.

Dynamic Module Loading

运行时动态模块加载和链接支持应用程序行为在实施后发生更改的环境。Contiki 的模块加载器加载、重新定位和链接 ELF 文件。

Dynamic module loading and linking at run-time supports environments in which application behavior changes after deployment. Contiki’s module loader loads, relocates, and links ELF files.

The Cooja Network Simulator

Contiki 网络模拟器 Cooja 衍生出了一个由 Cooja 控制的实际编译且运行的 Contiki 系统。

Cooja, the Contiki network simulator, spawns an actual compiled and working Contiki system controlled by Cooja.

使用 Cooja 证明简单。只需通过选择 Motes 菜单和 Add Motes → Create New Mote Type 创建新的节点类型。在出现的对话框中，您选择节点的名称，选择其固件，并测试其编译。

Using Cooja proves simple. Simply create a new mote type by selecting the Motes menu and Add Motes → Create New Mote Type. In the dialog that appears, you choose a name for the mote, select its firmware, and test its compilation.

创建后，通过单击 Create 添加节点。一个新的节点类型将显示，您可以在其上附加节点。最后一步要求保存仿真文件以供将来使用。

After creation, add motes by clicking Create. A new mote type will appear to which you can attach nodes. The final step requires saving your simulation file for future use.

Internet of Things - Security

每个连接的设备都给攻击者创造了机会。即使对于单个小型设备来说，这些漏洞也很广泛。构成的风险包括数据传输、设备访问、设备故障以及始终开启/始终连接的设备。

Every connected device creates opportunities for attackers. These vulnerabilities are broad, even for a single small device. The risks posed include data transfer, device access, malfunctioning devices, and always-on/always-connected devices.

安全性的主要挑战仍然是与生产低成本设备相关的安全限制，以及设备数量不断增加，从而为攻击创造了更多机会。

The main challenges in security remain the security limitations associated with producing lowcost devices, and the growing number of devices which creates more opportunities for attacks.

Security Spectrum

安全设备的定义从最简单的措施跨越到复杂的设备。安全应被认为是随着威胁演变而随时间变化的漏洞范围。

The definition of a secured device spans from the most simple measures to sophisticated designs. Security should be thought of as a spectrum of vulnerability which changes over time as threats evolve.

必须根据用户需求和实施情况评估安全性。用户必须认识到安全措施的影响，因为设计不当的安全措施会造成比它解决的问题更多的问题。

Security must be assessed based on user needs and implementation. Users must recognize the impact of security measures because poorly designed security creates more problems than it solves.

Example − 一份德国报告显示，黑客破坏了钢铁厂的安全系统。他们破坏了控制系统，从而无法正确关闭高炉，导致重大损坏。因此，用户必须在决定采取适当保护措施之前了解攻击的影响。

Example − A German report revealed hackers compromised the security system of a steel mill. They disrupted the control systems, which prevented a blast furnace from being shut down properly, resulting in massive damage. Therefore, users must understand the impact of an attack before deciding on appropriate protection.

Challenges

除了成本和设备的普遍性之外，其他安全问题还困扰着物联网 −

Beyond costs and the ubiquity of devices, other security issues plague IoT −

Unpredictable Behavior − The sheer volume of deployed devices and their long list of enabling technologies means their behavior in the field can be unpredictable. A specific system may be well designed and within administration control, but there are no guarantees about how it will interact with others.
Device Similarity − IoT devices are fairly uniform. They utilize the same connection technology and components. If one system or device suffers from a vulnerability, many more have the same issue.
Problematic Deployment − One of the main goals of IoT remains to place advanced networks and analytics where they previously could not go. Unfortunately, this creates the problem of physically securing the devices in these strange or easily accessed places.
Long Device Life and Expired Support − One of the benefits of IoT devices is longevity, however, that long life also means they may outlive their device support. Compare this to traditional systems which typically have support and upgrades long after many have stopped using them. Orphaned devices and abandonware lack the same security hardening of other systems due to the evolution of technology over time.
No Upgrade Support − Many IoT devices, like many mobile and small devices, are not designed to allow upgrades or any modifications. Others offer inconvenient upgrades, which many owners ignore, or fail to notice.
Poor or No Transparency − Many IoT devices fail to provide transparency with regard to their functionality. Users cannot observe or access their processes, and are left to assume how devices behave. They have no control over unwanted functions or data collection; furthermore, when a manufacturer updates the device, it may bring more unwanted functions.
No Alerts − Another goal of IoT remains to provide its incredible functionality without being obtrusive. This introduces the problem of user awareness. Users do not monitor the devices or know when something goes wrong. Security breaches can persist over long periods without detection.

Internet of Things - Identity Protection

IoT 设备收集有关其环境的数据，其中包括人员。这些好处带来了巨大的风险。但是，数据本身并不构成危险，其深度却构成危险。高度详细的数据收集勾勒出个人的非常清晰的画面，给罪犯提供了利用他人的所有信息。

IoT devices collect data about their environment, which includes people. These benefits introduce heavy risk. The data itself does not present the danger, however, its depth does. The highly detailed data collection paints a very clear picture of an individual, giving criminals all the information they need to take advantage of someone.

人们也可能 unaware of 隐私级别；例如，娱乐设备可能会收集音视频数据，或“监视”消费者，并共享私密信息。由于感兴趣敏感数据的各方众多且情况各异，对该数据的需求和价格加剧了这个问题。

People may also not be aware of the level of privacy; for example, entertainment devices may gather A/V data, or “watch” a consumer, and share intimate information. The demand and price for this data exacerbates the issue considering the number and diversity of parties interested in sensitive data.

特定于 IoT 技术的问题导致其许多隐私问题，这些问题主要源于用户无法建立和控制隐私−

Problems specific to IoT technology lead to many of its privacy issues, which primarily stem from the user’s inability to establish and control privacy −

Consent

在互联系统中，用于“通知和同意”的传统模式通常会强制实施现有的隐私保护。它允许用户与隐私机制交互，并通常通过接受协议或限制操作来设置首选项。许多 IoT 设备没有此类设置。用户不仅没有控制权，而且还无法获得任何有关设备活动的透明度。

The traditional model for “notice and consent” within connected systems generally enforces existing privacy protections. It allows users to interact with privacy mechanisms, and set preferences typically through accepting an agreement or limiting actions. Many IoT devices have no such accommodations. Users not only have no control, but they are also not afforded any transparency regarding device activities.

The Right to be Left Alone

在某些情况下，用户对隐私有正常期望。这源于人们普遍接受的公共和私人空间观念；例如，个人在商业空间看到监控摄像头并不惊讶，但他们并不希望在自己的私家车中看到这些摄像头。物联网设备挑战了人们认为的“留守权”等规范。即使在公共场所，物联网也会越过预期隐私的界限，因为其功能强大。

Users have normal expectations for privacy in certain situations. This comes from the commonly accepted idea of public and private spaces; for example, individuals are not surprised by surveillance cameras in commercial spaces, however, they do not expect them in their personal vehicle. IoT devices challenge these norms people recognize as the “right to be left alone.” Even in public spaces, IoT creeps beyond the limits of expected privacy due to its power.

Indistinguishable Data

物联网以多种方式部署。物联网实施在很大程度上仍然以群体为目标，而不是以个人为目标。即使用户同意物联网设备执行每个操作，也并非每个系统都能合理地处理每组首选项；例如，复杂组件中的小型设备无法满足它们仅在几秒钟内遇到的数万名用户的请求。

IoT deploys in a wide variety of ways. Much of IoT implementation remains group targeted rather than personal. Even if users give IoT devices consent for each action, not every system can reasonably process every set of preferences; for example, small devices in a complex assembly cannot honor the requests of tens of thousands of users they encounter for mere seconds.

Granularity

现代大数据对隐私构成了重大威胁，但物联网因其规模和私密性而使问题更加复杂。它不仅能够进入被动系统无法进入的地方，而且还能无处不在收集数据。这支持创建高度详细的个人资料，从而助长歧视，并使个人面临身体、财务和名誉损害。

Modern big data poses a substantial threat to privacy, but IoT compounds the issue with its scale and intimacy. It goes not only where passive systems cannot, but it collects data everywhere. This supports creation of highly detailed profiles which facilitate discrimination and expose individuals to physical, financial, and reputation harm.

Comfort

物联网的发展使其正常化。用户开始适应他们所认为的安全技术。物联网还缺乏在传统互联系统中警告用户的透明度；因此，许多人采取行动时没有考虑潜在后果。

The growth of IoT normalizes it. Users become comfortable with what they perceive as safe technology. IoT also lacks the transparency that warns users in traditional connected systems; consequently, many act without any consideration for the potential consequences.

Internet of Things - Liability

物联网的安全缺陷及其执行某些任务的能力为任何关联责任打开了大门。人们关注的三个主要领域是设备故障、攻击和数据盗窃。这些问题可能造成各种各样的损害。

The security flaws of IoT and its ability to perform certain tasks open the door to any associated liability. The three main areas of concern are device malfunction, attacks, and data theft. These issues can result in a wide variety of damages.

Device Malfunction

物联网引入了更深层次的自动化，该自动化可以控制关键系统，以及影响生命和财产的系统。当这些系统出现故障或故障时，它们可能会造成重大损害；例如，如果物联网炉子控制系统出现故障，它可能会导致无人居住的房屋发生故障并造成管道结冰和水管损坏。这迫使组织采取措施来应对它。

IoT introduces a deeper level of automation which can have control over critical systems, and systems impacting life and property. When these systems fail or malfunction, they can cause substantial damage; for example, if an IoT furnace control system experiences a glitch, it may fail in an unoccupied home and cause frozen pipes and water damage. This forces organizations to create measures against it.

Cyber Attacks

物联网设备将整个网络和直接受到影响的一切暴露在攻击风险中。尽管这些连接提供了强大的集成和生产力，但也为混乱创造了绝佳的机会，例如入侵的炉灶或消防喷淋系统。针对此类问题的最佳措施是解决最脆弱的点，并提供自定义保护措施，例如监视和访问权限。

IoT devices expose an entire network and anything directly impacted to the risk of attacks. Though those connections deliver powerful integration and productivity, they also create the perfect opportunity for mayhem like a hacked stove or fire safety sprinkler system. The best measures against this address the most vulnerable points, and provide custom protections such as monitoring and access privileges.

一些最有效的反攻击措施被证明很简单−

Some of the most effective measures against attacks prove simple −

Built-in Security − Individuals and organizations should seek hardened devices, meaning those with security integrated in the hardware and firmware.
Encryption − This must be implemented by the manufacturer and through user systems.
Risk Analysis − Organizations and individuals must analyze possible threats in designing their systems or choosing them.
Authorization − Devices, whenever possible, must be subject to privilege policies and access methods.

Data Theft

数据，物联网的优势和弱点，对许多人来说具有不可抗拒的吸引力。这些人对物联网感兴趣的原因有很多− 个人数据对市场营销/广告的价值、身份盗窃、陷害个人犯罪、跟踪，以及一种奇特的满足感。用于对抗攻击的措施在管理此威胁方面也非常有效。

Data, IoT’s strength and weakness, proves irresistible to many. These individuals have a number of reasons for their interest − the value of personal data to marketing/advertising, identity theft, framing individuals for crimes, stalking, and a bizarre sense of satisfaction. Measures used to fight attacks are also effective in managing this threat.