Internet Technologies 简明教程
WWW Overview
Overview
WWW 代表 World Wide Web. 万维网的技术定义是：使用超文本传输协议 (HTTP) 的 Internet 上的所有资源和用户。
WWW stands for World Wide Web. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is : all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
更广泛的定义源于 Web 发明者 Tim Berners-Lee 帮助创立的组织 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
A broader definition comes from the organization that Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee helped found, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
万维网是可通过网络访问的信息的集合，是人类知识的体现。
The World Wide Web is the universe of network-accessible information, an embodiment of human knowledge.
简单来说，万维网是在互联网上的计算机之间交换信息的一种方式，将它们捆绑在一起，形成一个巨大的交互式多媒体资源集合。
In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive multimedia resources.
Evolution
World Wide Web 是由 Timothy Berners Lee 在 CERN 的 Geneva. 年创建的。万维网作为他的提案而产生，他希望让研究者们能够在 CERN. 上共同高效地工作。最后，它成为了 World Wide Web.
World Wide Web was created by Timothy Berners Lee in 1989 at CERN in Geneva. World Wide Web came into existence as a proposal by him, to allow researchers to work together effectively and efficiently at CERN. Eventually it became World Wide Web.
下图简要地阐述了万维网的演变：
The following diagram briefly defines evolution of World Wide Web:
WWW Architecture
WWW 架构被分成了多层，如下所示：
WWW architecture is divided into several layers as shown in the following diagram:
Identifiers and Character Set
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) 用于唯一地识别 Web 上的资源，而 UNICODE 可以创建能够以人类语言读写的网页。
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is used to uniquely identify resources on the web and UNICODE makes it possible to built web pages that can be read and write in human languages.
Syntax
XML (Extensible Markup Language) 有助于在语义网中定义通用的语法。
XML (Extensible Markup Language) helps to define common syntax in semantic web.
Data Interchange
Resource Description Framework (RDF) 框架有助于定义网络数据的核心表示。RDF 以图表形式表示资源相关的数据。
Resource Description Framework (RDF) framework helps in defining core representation of data for web. RDF represents data about resource in graph form.
Taxonomies
RDF Schema (RDFS) 允许更标准化地描述 taxonomies 和其他 ontological 构造。
RDF Schema (RDFS) allows more standardized description of taxonomies and other ontological constructs.
Ontologies
Web Ontology Language (OWL) 在 RDFS 的基础上提供了更多构造。它有以下三个版本：
Web Ontology Language (OWL) offers more constructs over RDFS. It comes in following three versions:
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OWL Lite for taxonomies and simple constraints.
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OWL DL for full description logic support.
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OWL for more syntactic freedom of RDF
Rules
RIF 和 SWRL 提供了 RDFs 和 OWL. 无法提供的构造的规则。Simple Protocol 和 RDF Query Language (SPARQL) 是用于查询 RDF 数据和 OWL 本体论的类似 SQL 的语言。
RIF and SWRL offers rules beyond the constructs that are available from RDFs and OWL. Simple Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL) is SQL like language used for querying RDF data and OWL Ontologies.
Proof
在 Proof 层以下执行的所有语义和规则，以及它们的结果都将用于证明演绎。
All semantic and rules that are executed at layers below Proof and their result will be used to prove deductions.
WWW Operation
WWW 基于客户端-服务器模式。通过以下步骤说明 Web 的工作原理：
WWW works on client- server approach. Following steps explains how the web works:
Future
网络领域经历了快速发展。它几乎影响了各个领域，如教育、研究、技术、商业、营销等等。因此，Web 的未来几乎无法预测。
There had been a rapid development in field of web. It has its impact in almost every area such as education, research, technology, commerce, marketing etc. So the future of web is almost unpredictable.
除了 WWW 领域内的巨大发展之外，W3 联盟也必须应对一些技术问题。
Apart from huge development in field of WWW, there are also some technical issues that W3 consortium has to cope up with.
User Interface
关于 3D 信息更高质量的表现形式的工作正在开发中。W3 联盟也希望提升网络以满足全球社区的需求，其中包括所有区域语言和书写系统。
Work on higher quality presentation of 3-D information is under deveopment. The W3 Consortium is also looking forward to enhance the web to full fill requirements of global communities which would include all regional languages and writing systems.