Javafx 简明教程
JavaFX - UI Controls
UI Controls 是允许用户与应用程序或网站交互的图形元素。它们包括按钮、菜单、滑块、文本字段、复选框、单选按钮等等。在本教程中,我们将探讨 JavaFX 的不同类型的 UI 控件。
让我们从介绍用户界面的三个主要方面来开始讨论——
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UI elements - 这些是用户最终看到并与之交互的核心视觉元素。JavaFX 提供了从基本到复杂的广泛使用的常见元素,我们将在本教程中介绍。
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Layouts - 它们定义了 UI 元素应该如何组织在屏幕上,并为 GUI(图形用户界面)提供最终的外观和感觉。这部分将在布局章节中介绍。
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Behavior - 当用户与 UI 元素交互时发生的事件。这部分将在事件处理章节中介绍。
为了创建 GUI 组件(控件),JavaFX 支持几种控件,例如日期选择器、按钮文本字段等。这些控件由包 javafx.scene.control 的不同类表示。我们可以通过实例化其相应的类来创建一个控件。
以下是设计 JavaFX 中的 GUI 时使用的常用控件列表。
S.No |
Control & Description |
1 |
Label Label 对象是一个用于放置文本的组件。 |
2 |
Button 此类创建一个带标签的按钮。 |
3 |
ColorPicker ColorPicker 提供了一个控件面板,旨在允许用户处理和选择颜色。 |
4 |
CheckBox CheckBox 是一个图形组件,可以处于打开(true)或关闭(false)状态。 |
5 |
RadioButton RadioButton 类是一个图形组件,它要么在组中处于 ON(true)状态,要么处于 OFF(false)状态。 |
6 |
ListView ListView 组件向用户呈现滚动文本项列表。 |
7 |
TextField TextField 对象是一个文本组件,它允许编辑单行文本。 |
8 |
PasswordField PasswordField 对象是一个文本组件,专门用于密码输入。 |
9 |
Scrollbar Scrollbar 控件代表一个滚动条组件,让用户能够从一系列值中选择。 |
10 |
FileChooser FileChooser 控件代表一个对话框窗口,用户可以从中选择一个文件。 |
11 |
ProgressBar 随着任务接近完成,进度条显示任务已完成的百分比。 |
12 |
Slider Slider 让用户在有界区间内通过滑动旋钮来以图形方式选择一个值。 |
Example
以下程序是一个示例,在 JavaFX 中显示登录页面。在此,我们使用控件 label, text field, password field 和 button 。将代码保存在一个名为 LoginPage.java 的文件中。
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.geometry.Pos;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.PasswordField;
import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;
import javafx.scene.control.TextField;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
public class LoginPage extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage stage) {
//creating label email
Text text1 = new Text("Email");
//creating label password
Text text2 = new Text("Password");
//Creating Text Filed for email
TextField textField1 = new TextField();
//Creating Text Filed for password
PasswordField textField2 = new PasswordField();
//Creating Buttons
Button button1 = new Button("Submit");
Button button2 = new Button("Clear");
//Creating a Grid Pane
GridPane gridPane = new GridPane();
//Setting size for the pane
gridPane.setMinSize(400, 200);
//Setting the padding
gridPane.setPadding(new Insets(10, 10, 10, 10));
//Setting the vertical and horizontal gaps between the columns
gridPane.setVgap(5);
gridPane.setHgap(5);
//Setting the Grid alignment
gridPane.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
//Arranging all the nodes in the grid
gridPane.add(text1, 0, 0);
gridPane.add(textField1, 1, 0);
gridPane.add(text2, 0, 1);
gridPane.add(textField2, 1, 1);
gridPane.add(button1, 0, 2);
gridPane.add(button2, 1, 2);
gridPane.setStyle("-fx-background-color: BEIGE;");
//Creating a scene object
Scene scene = new Scene(gridPane);
//Setting title to the Stage
stage.setTitle("CSS Example");
//Adding scene to the stage
stage.setScene(scene);
//Displaying the contents of the stage
stage.show();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
launch(args);
}
}
使用以下命令,从命令提示符编译并执行已保存的 java 文件。
javac --module-path %PATH_TO_FX% --add-modules javafx.controls LoginPage.java
java --module-path %PATH_TO_FX% --add-modules javafx.controls LoginPage
Example
以下程序是一个注册表单的示例,展示了 JavaFX 中的控件,例如 Date Picker, Radio Button, Toggle Button, Check Box, List View, and Choice List 。将代码保存在一个名为 Registration.java 的文件中。
import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.collections.FXCollections;
import javafx.collections.ObservableList;
import javafx.geometry.Insets;
import javafx.geometry.Pos;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.Button;
import javafx.scene.control.CheckBox;
import javafx.scene.control.ChoiceBox;
import javafx.scene.control.DatePicker;
import javafx.scene.control.ListView;
import javafx.scene.control.RadioButton;
import javafx.scene.layout.GridPane;
import javafx.scene.text.Text;
import javafx.scene.control.TextField;
import javafx.scene.control.ToggleGroup;
import javafx.scene.control.ToggleButton;
import javafx.stage.Stage;
public class Registration extends Application {
@Override
public void start(Stage stage) {
//Label for name
Text nameLabel = new Text("Name");
//Text field for name
TextField nameText = new TextField();
//Label for date of birth
Text dobLabel = new Text("Date of birth");
//date picker to choose date
DatePicker datePicker = new DatePicker();
//Label for gender
Text genderLabel = new Text("gender");
//Toggle group of radio buttons
ToggleGroup groupGender = new ToggleGroup();
RadioButton maleRadio = new RadioButton("male");
maleRadio.setToggleGroup(groupGender);
RadioButton femaleRadio = new RadioButton("female");
femaleRadio.setToggleGroup(groupGender);
//Label for reservation
Text reservationLabel = new Text("Reservation");
//Toggle button for reservation
ToggleButton Reservation = new ToggleButton();
ToggleButton yes = new ToggleButton("Yes");
ToggleButton no = new ToggleButton("No");
ToggleGroup groupReservation = new ToggleGroup();
yes.setToggleGroup(groupReservation);
no.setToggleGroup(groupReservation);
//Label for technologies known
Text technologiesLabel = new Text("Technologies Known");
//check box for education
CheckBox javaCheckBox = new CheckBox("Java");
javaCheckBox.setIndeterminate(false);
//check box for education
CheckBox dotnetCheckBox = new CheckBox("DotNet");
javaCheckBox.setIndeterminate(false);
//Label for education
Text educationLabel = new Text("Educational qualification");
//list View for educational qualification
ObservableList<String> names = FXCollections.observableArrayList(
"Engineering", "MCA", "MBA", "Graduation", "MTECH", "Mphil", "Phd");
ListView<String> educationListView = new ListView<String>(names);
//Label for location
Text locationLabel = new Text("location");
//Choice box for location
ChoiceBox locationchoiceBox = new ChoiceBox();
locationchoiceBox.getItems().addAll
("Hyderabad", "Chennai", "Delhi", "Mumbai", "Vishakhapatnam");
//Label for register
Button buttonRegister = new Button("Register");
//Creating a Grid Pane
GridPane gridPane = new GridPane();
//Setting size for the pane
gridPane.setMinSize(500, 500);
//Setting the padding
gridPane.setPadding(new Insets(10, 10, 10, 10));
//Setting the vertical and horizontal gaps between the columns
gridPane.setVgap(5);
gridPane.setHgap(5);
//Setting the Grid alignment
gridPane.setAlignment(Pos.CENTER);
//Arranging all the nodes in the grid
gridPane.add(nameLabel, 0, 0);
gridPane.add(nameText, 1, 0);
gridPane.add(dobLabel, 0, 1);
gridPane.add(datePicker, 1, 1);
gridPane.add(genderLabel, 0, 2);
gridPane.add(maleRadio, 1, 2);
gridPane.add(femaleRadio, 2, 2);
gridPane.add(reservationLabel, 0, 3);
gridPane.add(yes, 1, 3);
gridPane.add(no, 2, 3);
gridPane.add(technologiesLabel, 0, 4);
gridPane.add(javaCheckBox, 1, 4);
gridPane.add(dotnetCheckBox, 2, 4);
gridPane.add(educationLabel, 0, 5);
gridPane.add(educationListView, 1, 5);
gridPane.add(locationLabel, 0, 6);
gridPane.add(locationchoiceBox, 1, 6);
gridPane.add(buttonRegister, 2, 8);
//Styling nodes
buttonRegister.setStyle(
"-fx-background-color: darkslateblue; -fx-textfill: white;");
nameLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
dobLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
genderLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
reservationLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
technologiesLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
educationLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
locationLabel.setStyle("-fx-font: normal bold 15px 'serif' ");
//Setting the back ground color
gridPane.setStyle("-fx-background-color: BEIGE;");
//Creating a scene object
Scene scene = new Scene(gridPane);
//Setting title to the Stage
stage.setTitle("Registration Form");
//Adding scene to the stage
stage.setScene(scene);
//Displaying the contents of the stage
stage.show();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
launch(args);
}
}
使用以下命令,从命令提示符编译并执行已保存的 java 文件。
javac --module-path %PATH_TO_FX% --add-modules javafx.controls Registration.java
java --module-path %PATH_TO_FX% --add-modules javafx.controls Registration