Numpy 简明教程

# using array-scalar type
import numpy as np
dt = np.dtype(np.int32)
print dt

int32

#int8, int16, int32, int64 can be replaced by equivalent string 'i1', 'i2','i4', etc.
import numpy as np

dt = np.dtype('i4')
print dt

int32

# using endian notation
import numpy as np
dt = np.dtype('>i4')
print dt

>i4

# first create structured data type
import numpy as np
dt = np.dtype([('age',np.int8)])
print dt

[('age', 'i1')]

# now apply it to ndarray object
import numpy as np

dt = np.dtype([('age',np.int8)])
a = np.array([(10,),(20,),(30,)], dtype = dt)
print a

[(10,) (20,) (30,)]

# file name can be used to access content of age column
import numpy as np

dt = np.dtype([('age',np.int8)])
a = np.array([(10,),(20,),(30,)], dtype = dt)
print a['age']

[10 20 30]

import numpy as np
student = np.dtype([('name','S20'), ('age', 'i1'), ('marks', 'f4')])
print student

[('name', 'S20'), ('age', 'i1'), ('marks', '<f4')])

import numpy as np

student = np.dtype([('name','S20'), ('age', 'i1'), ('marks', 'f4')])
a = np.array([('abc', 21, 50),('xyz', 18, 75)], dtype = student)
print a

[('abc', 21, 50.0), ('xyz', 18, 75.0)]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print a.shape

(2, 3)

# this resizes the ndarray
import numpy as np

a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
a.shape = (3,2)
print a

[[1, 2]
 [3, 4]
 [5, 6]]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
b = a.reshape(3,2)
print b

[[1, 2]
 [3, 4]
 [5, 6]]

# an array of evenly spaced numbers
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(24)
print a

[0 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23]

# this is one dimensional array
import numpy as np
a = np.arange(24)
a.ndim

# now reshape it
b = a.reshape(2,4,3)
print b
# b is having three dimensions

[[[ 0,  1,  2]
  [ 3,  4,  5]
  [ 6,  7,  8]
  [ 9, 10, 11]]
  [[12, 13, 14]
   [15, 16, 17]
   [18, 19, 20]
   [21, 22, 23]]]

# dtype of array is int8 (1 byte)
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1,2,3,4,5], dtype = np.int8)
print x.itemsize

1

# dtype of array is now float32 (4 bytes)
import numpy as np
x = np.array([1,2,3,4,5], dtype = np.float32)
print x.itemsize

4

import numpy as np
x = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
print x.flags

C_CONTIGUOUS : True
F_CONTIGUOUS : True
OWNDATA : True
WRITEABLE : True
ALIGNED : True
UPDATEIFCOPY : False

import numpy as np
x = np.empty([3,2], dtype = int)
print x

[[22649312    1701344351]
 [1818321759  1885959276]
 [16779776    156368896]]

# array of five zeros. Default dtype is float
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros(5)
print x

[ 0.  0.  0.  0.  0.]

import numpy as np
x = np.zeros((5,), dtype = np.int)
print x

[0  0  0  0  0]

# custom type
import numpy as np
x = np.zeros((2,2), dtype = [('x', 'i4'), ('y', 'i4')])
print x

[[(0,0)(0,0)]
 [(0,0)(0,0)]]

# array of five ones. Default dtype is float
import numpy as np
x = np.ones(5)
print x

[ 1.  1.  1.  1.  1.]

import numpy as np
x = np.ones([2,2], dtype = int)
print x

[[1  1]
 [1  1]]

# convert list to ndarray
import numpy as np

x = [1,2,3]
a = np.asarray(x)
print a

[1  2  3]

# dtype is set
import numpy as np

x = [1,2,3]
a = np.asarray(x, dtype = float)
print a

[ 1.  2.  3.]

# ndarray from tuple
import numpy as np

x = (1,2,3)
a = np.asarray(x)
print a

[1  2  3]

# ndarray from list of tuples
import numpy as np

x = [(1,2,3),(4,5)]
a = np.asarray(x)
print a

[(1, 2, 3) (4, 5)]

import numpy as np
s = 'Hello World'
a = np.frombuffer(s, dtype = 'S1')
print a

['H'  'e'  'l'  'l'  'o'  ' '  'W'  'o'  'r'  'l'  'd']

# create list object using range function
import numpy as np
list = range(5)
print list

[0,  1,  2,  3,  4]

# obtain iterator object from list
import numpy as np
list = range(5)
it = iter(list)

# use iterator to create ndarray
x = np.fromiter(it, dtype = float)
print x

[0.   1.   2.   3.   4.]

import numpy as np
x = np.arange(5)
print x

[0  1  2  3  4]

import numpy as np
# dtype set
x = np.arange(5, dtype = float)
print x

[0.  1.  2.  3.  4.]

# start and stop parameters set
import numpy as np
x = np.arange(10,20,2)
print x

[10  12  14  16  18]

import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(10,20,5)
print x

[10.   12.5   15.   17.5  20.]

# endpoint set to false
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(10,20, 5, endpoint = False)
print x

[10.   12.   14.   16.   18.]

# find retstep value
import numpy as np

x = np.linspace(1,2,5, retstep = True)
print x
# retstep here is 0.25

(array([ 1.  ,  1.25,  1.5 ,  1.75,  2.  ]), 0.25)

import numpy as np
# default base is 10
a = np.logspace(1.0, 2.0, num = 10)
print a

[ 10.           12.91549665     16.68100537      21.5443469  27.82559402
  35.93813664   46.41588834     59.94842503      77.42636827    100.    ]

# set base of log space to 2
import numpy as np
a = np.logspace(1,10,num = 10, base = 2)
print a

[ 2.     4.     8.    16.    32.    64.   128.   256.    512.   1024.]

import numpy as np

x = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
y = x[[0,1,2], [0,1,0]]
print y

[1  4  5]

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[ 0,  1,  2],[ 3,  4,  5],[ 6,  7,  8],[ 9, 10, 11]])

print 'Our array is:'
print x
print '\n'

rows = np.array([[0,0],[3,3]])
cols = np.array([[0,2],[0,2]])
y = x[rows,cols]

print 'The corner elements of this array are:'
print y

Our array is:
[[ 0  1  2]
 [ 3  4  5]
 [ 6  7  8]
 [ 9 10 11]]

The corner elements of this array are:
[[ 0  2]
 [ 9 11]]

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[ 0,  1,  2],[ 3,  4,  5],[ 6,  7,  8],[ 9, 10, 11]])

print 'Our array is:'
print x
print '\n'

# slicing
z = x[1:4,1:3]

print 'After slicing, our array becomes:'
print z
print '\n'

# using advanced index for column
y = x[1:4,[1,2]]

print 'Slicing using advanced index for column:'
print y

Our array is:
[[ 0  1  2]
 [ 3  4  5]
 [ 6  7  8]
 [ 9 10 11]]

After slicing, our array becomes:
[[ 4  5]
 [ 7  8]
 [10 11]]

Slicing using advanced index for column:
[[ 4  5]
 [ 7  8]
 [10 11]]

import numpy as np
x = np.array([[ 0,  1,  2],[ 3,  4,  5],[ 6,  7,  8],[ 9, 10, 11]])

print 'Our array is:'
print x
print '\n'

# Now we will print the items greater than 5
print 'The items greater than 5 are:'
print x[x > 5]

Our array is:
[[ 0  1  2]
 [ 3  4  5]
 [ 6  7  8]
 [ 9 10 11]]

The items greater than 5 are:
[ 6  7  8  9 10 11]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([np.nan, 1,2,np.nan,3,4,5])
print a[~np.isnan(a)]

[ 1.   2.   3.   4.   5.]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1, 2+6j, 5, 3.5+5j])
print a[np.iscomplex(a)]

[2.0+6.j  3.5+5.j]

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(0,60,5)
a = a.reshape(3,4)
print 'Original array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Transpose of the original array is:'
b = a.T
print b
print '\n'

print 'Sorted in C-style order:'
c = b.copy(order='C')
print c
for x in np.nditer(c):
   print x,

print '\n'

print 'Sorted in F-style order:'
c = b.copy(order='F')
print c
for x in np.nditer(c):
   print x,

Original array is:
[[ 0 5 10 15]
 [20 25 30 35]
 [40 45 50 55]]

Transpose of the original array is:
[[ 0 20 40]
 [ 5 25 45]
 [10 30 50]
 [15 35 55]]

Sorted in C-style order:
[[ 0 20 40]
 [ 5 25 45]
 [10 30 50]
 [15 35 55]]
0 20 40 5 25 45 10 30 50 15 35 55

Sorted in F-style order:
[[ 0 20 40]
 [ 5 25 45]
 [10 30 50]
 [15 35 55]]
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(0,60,5)
a = a.reshape(3,4)

print 'Original array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Sorted in C-style order:'
for x in np.nditer(a, order = 'C'):
   print x,
print '\n'

print 'Sorted in F-style order:'
for x in np.nditer(a, order = 'F'):
   print x,

Original array is:
[[ 0 5 10 15]
 [20 25 30 35]
 [40 45 50 55]]

Sorted in C-style order:
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

Sorted in F-style order:
0 20 40 5 25 45 10 30 50 15 35 55

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(0,60,5)
a = a.reshape(3,4)
print 'Original array is:'
print a
print '\n'

for x in np.nditer(a, op_flags = ['readwrite']):
   x[...] = 2*x
print 'Modified array is:'
print a

Original array is:
[[ 0 5 10 15]
 [20 25 30 35]
 [40 45 50 55]]

Modified array is:
[[ 0 10 20 30]
 [ 40 50 60 70]
 [ 80 90 100 110]]

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(0,60,5)
a = a.reshape(3,4)

print 'Original array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Modified array is:'
for x in np.nditer(a, flags = ['external_loop'], order = 'F'):
   print x,

Original array is:
[[ 0 5 10 15]
 [20 25 30 35]
 [40 45 50 55]]

Modified array is:
[ 0 20 40] [ 5 25 45] [10 30 50] [15 35 55]

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(0,60,5)
a = a.reshape(3,4)

print 'First array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Second array is:'
b = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4], dtype = int)
print b
print '\n'

print 'Modified array is:'
for x,y in np.nditer([a,b]):
   print "%d:%d" % (x,y),

First array is:
[[ 0 5 10 15]
 [20 25 30 35]
 [40 45 50 55]]

Second array is:
[1 2 3 4]

Modified array is:
0:1 5:2 10:3 15:4 20:1 25:2 30:3 35:4 40:1 45:2 50:3 55:4

numpy.around(a,decimals)

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1.0,5.55, 123, 0.567, 25.532])

print 'Original array:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'After rounding:'
print np.around(a)
print np.around(a, decimals = 1)
print np.around(a, decimals = -1)

Original array:
[   1.       5.55   123.       0.567   25.532]

After rounding:
[   1.    6.   123.    1.   26. ]
[   1.    5.6  123.    0.6  25.5]
[   0.    10.  120.    0.   30. ]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([-1.7, 1.5, -0.2, 0.6, 10])

print 'The given array:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'The modified array:'
print np.floor(a)

The given array:
[ -1.7   1.5  -0.2   0.6  10. ]

The modified array:
[ -2.   1.  -1.   0.  10.]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([-1.7, 1.5, -0.2, 0.6, 10])

print 'The given array:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'The modified array:'
print np.ceil(a)

The given array:
[ -1.7   1.5  -0.2   0.6  10. ]

The modified array:
[ -1.   2.  -0.   1.  10.]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([0.25, 1.33, 1, 0, 100])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'After applying reciprocal function:'
print np.reciprocal(a)
print '\n'

b = np.array([100], dtype = int)
print 'The second array is:'
print b
print '\n'

print 'After applying reciprocal function:'
print np.reciprocal(b)

Our array is:
[   0.25    1.33    1.      0.    100.  ]

After applying reciprocal function:
main.py:9: RuntimeWarning: divide by zero encountered in reciprocal
  print np.reciprocal(a)
[ 4.         0.7518797  1.               inf  0.01     ]

The second array is:
[100]

After applying reciprocal function:
[0]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[3,7,5],[8,4,3],[2,4,9]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying amin() function:'
print np.amin(a,1)
print '\n'

print 'Applying amin() function again:'
print np.amin(a,0)
print '\n'

print 'Applying amax() function:'
print np.amax(a)
print '\n'

print 'Applying amax() function again:'
print np.amax(a, axis = 0)

Our array is:
[[3 7 5]
[8 4 3]
[2 4 9]]

Applying amin() function:
[3 3 2]

Applying amin() function again:
[2 4 3]

Applying amax() function:
9

Applying amax() function again:
[8 7 9]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[30,40,70],[80,20,10],[50,90,60]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying percentile() function:'
print np.percentile(a,50)
print '\n'

print 'Applying percentile() function along axis 1:'
print np.percentile(a,50, axis = 1)
print '\n'

print 'Applying percentile() function along axis 0:'
print np.percentile(a,50, axis = 0)

Our array is:
[[30 40 70]
 [80 20 10]
 [50 90 60]]

Applying percentile() function:
50.0

Applying percentile() function along axis 1:
[ 40. 20. 60.]

Applying percentile() function along axis 0:
[ 50. 40. 60.]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[30,65,70],[80,95,10],[50,90,60]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying median() function:'
print np.median(a)
print '\n'

print 'Applying median() function along axis 0:'
print np.median(a, axis = 0)
print '\n'

print 'Applying median() function along axis 1:'
print np.median(a, axis = 1)

Our array is:
[[30 65 70]
 [80 95 10]
 [50 90 60]]

Applying median() function:
65.0

Applying median() function along axis 0:
[ 50. 90. 60.]

Applying median() function along axis 1:
[ 65. 80. 60.]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[1,2,3],[3,4,5],[4,5,6]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying mean() function:'
print np.mean(a)
print '\n'

print 'Applying mean() function along axis 0:'
print np.mean(a, axis = 0)
print '\n'

print 'Applying mean() function along axis 1:'
print np.mean(a, axis = 1)

Our array is:
[[1 2 3]
 [3 4 5]
 [4 5 6]]

Applying mean() function:
3.66666666667

Applying mean() function along axis 0:
[ 2.66666667 3.66666667 4.66666667]

Applying mean() function along axis 1:
[ 2. 4. 5.]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([1,2,3,4])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying average() function:'
print np.average(a)
print '\n'

# this is same as mean when weight is not specified
wts = np.array([4,3,2,1])

print 'Applying average() function again:'
print np.average(a,weights = wts)
print '\n'

# Returns the sum of weights, if the returned parameter is set to True.
print 'Sum of weights'
print np.average([1,2,3, 4],weights = [4,3,2,1], returned = True)

Our array is:
[1 2 3 4]

Applying average() function:
2.5

Applying average() function again:
2.0

Sum of weights
(2.0, 10.0)

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(6).reshape(3,2)

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Modified array:'
wt = np.array([3,5])
print np.average(a, axis = 1, weights = wt)
print '\n'

print 'Modified array:'
print np.average(a, axis = 1, weights = wt, returned = True)

Our array is:
[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]]

Modified array:
[ 0.625 2.625 4.625]

Modified array:
(array([ 0.625, 2.625, 4.625]), array([ 8., 8., 8.]))

import numpy as np
print np.std([1,2,3,4])

1.1180339887498949

import numpy as np
print np.var([1,2,3,4])

1.25

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[3,7],[9,1]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying sort() function:'
print np.sort(a)
print '\n'

print 'Sort along axis 0:'
print np.sort(a, axis = 0)
print '\n'

# Order parameter in sort function
dt = np.dtype([('name', 'S10'),('age', int)])
a = np.array([("raju",21),("anil",25),("ravi", 17), ("amar",27)], dtype = dt)

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Order by name:'
print np.sort(a, order = 'name')

Our array is:
[[3 7]
 [9 1]]

Applying sort() function:
[[3 7]
 [1 9]]

Sort along axis 0:
[[3 1]
 [9 7]]

Our array is:
[('raju', 21) ('anil', 25) ('ravi', 17) ('amar', 27)]

Order by name:
[('amar', 27) ('anil', 25) ('raju', 21) ('ravi', 17)]

import numpy as np
x = np.array([3, 1, 2])

print 'Our array is:'
print x
print '\n'

print 'Applying argsort() to x:'
y = np.argsort(x)
print y
print '\n'

print 'Reconstruct original array in sorted order:'
print x[y]
print '\n'

print 'Reconstruct the original array using loop:'
for i in y:
   print x[i],

Our array is:
[3 1 2]

Applying argsort() to x:
[1 2 0]

Reconstruct original array in sorted order:
[1 2 3]

Reconstruct the original array using loop:
1 2 3

import numpy as np

nm = ('raju','anil','ravi','amar')
dv = ('f.y.', 's.y.', 's.y.', 'f.y.')
ind = np.lexsort((dv,nm))

print 'Applying lexsort() function:'
print ind
print '\n'

print 'Use this index to get sorted data:'
print [nm[i] + ", " + dv[i] for i in ind]

Applying lexsort() function:
[3 1 0 2]

Use this index to get sorted data:
['amar, f.y.', 'anil, s.y.', 'raju, f.y.', 'ravi, s.y.']

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[30,40,70],[80,20,10],[50,90,60]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying argmax() function:'
print np.argmax(a)
print '\n'

print 'Index of maximum number in flattened array'
print a.flatten()
print '\n'

print 'Array containing indices of maximum along axis 0:'
maxindex = np.argmax(a, axis = 0)
print maxindex
print '\n'

print 'Array containing indices of maximum along axis 1:'
maxindex = np.argmax(a, axis = 1)
print maxindex
print '\n'

print 'Applying argmin() function:'
minindex = np.argmin(a)
print minindex
print '\n'

print 'Flattened array:'
print a.flatten()[minindex]
print '\n'

print 'Flattened array along axis 0:'
minindex = np.argmin(a, axis = 0)
print minindex
print '\n'

print 'Flattened array along axis 1:'
minindex = np.argmin(a, axis = 1)
print minindex

Our array is:
[[30 40 70]
 [80 20 10]
 [50 90 60]]

Applying argmax() function:
7

Index of maximum number in flattened array
[30 40 70 80 20 10 50 90 60]

Array containing indices of maximum along axis 0:
[1 2 0]

Array containing indices of maximum along axis 1:
[2 0 1]

Applying argmin() function:
5

Flattened array:
10

Flattened array along axis 0:
[0 1 1]

Flattened array along axis 1:
[0 2 0]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[30,40,0],[0,20,10],[50,0,60]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a
print '\n'

print 'Applying nonzero() function:'
print np.nonzero (a)

Our array is:
[[30 40 0]
 [ 0 20 10]
 [50 0 60]]

Applying nonzero() function:
(array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2]), array([0, 1, 1, 2, 0, 2]))

import numpy as np
x = np.arange(9.).reshape(3, 3)

print 'Our array is:'
print x

print 'Indices of elements > 3'
y = np.where(x > 3)
print y

print 'Use these indices to get elements satisfying the condition'
print x[y]

Our array is:
[[ 0. 1. 2.]
 [ 3. 4. 5.]
 [ 6. 7. 8.]]

Indices of elements > 3
(array([1, 1, 2, 2, 2]), array([1, 2, 0, 1, 2]))

Use these indices to get elements satisfying the condition
[ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.]

import numpy as np
a = np.arange(6)

print 'Our array is:'
print a

print 'Applying id() function:'
print id(a)

print 'a is assigned to b:'
b = a
print b

print 'b has same id():'
print id(b)

print 'Change shape of b:'
b.shape = 3,2
print b

print 'Shape of a also gets changed:'
print a

Our array is:
[0 1 2 3 4 5]

Applying id() function:
139747815479536

a is assigned to b:
[0 1 2 3 4 5]
b has same id():
139747815479536

Change shape of b:
[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]]

Shape of a also gets changed:
[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]]

import numpy as np
# To begin with, a is 3X2 array
a = np.arange(6).reshape(3,2)

print 'Array a:'
print a

print 'Create view of a:'
b = a.view()
print b

print 'id() for both the arrays are different:'
print 'id() of a:'
print id(a)
print 'id() of b:'
print id(b)

# Change the shape of b. It does not change the shape of a
b.shape = 2,3

print 'Shape of b:'
print b

print 'Shape of a:'
print a

Array a:
[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]]

Create view of a:
[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]]

id() for both the arrays are different:
id() of a:
140424307227264
id() of b:
140424151696288

Shape of b:
[[0 1 2]
 [3 4 5]]

Shape of a:
[[0 1]
 [2 3]
 [4 5]]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[10,10], [2,3], [4,5]])

print 'Our array is:'
print a

print 'Create a slice:'
s = a[:, :2]
print s

Our array is:
[[10 10]
 [ 2 3]
 [ 4 5]]

Create a slice:
[[10 10]
 [ 2 3]
 [ 4 5]]

import numpy as np
a = np.array([[10,10], [2,3], [4,5]])

print 'Array a is:'
print a

print 'Create a deep copy of a:'
b = a.copy()
print 'Array b is:'
print b

#b does not share any memory of a
print 'Can we write b is a'
print b is a

print 'Change the contents of b:'
b[0,0] = 100

print 'Modified array b:'
print b

print 'a remains unchanged:'
print a

Array a is:
[[10 10]
 [ 2 3]
 [ 4 5]]

Create a deep copy of a:
Array b is:
[[10 10]
 [ 2 3]
 [ 4 5]]
Can we write b is a
False

Change the contents of b:
Modified array b:
[[100 10]
 [ 2 3]
 [ 4 5]]

a remains unchanged:
[[10 10]
 [ 2 3]
 [ 4 5]]

import numpy.matlib
import numpy as np

print np.matlib.empty((2,2))
# filled with random data

[[ 2.12199579e-314,   4.24399158e-314]
 [ 4.24399158e-314,   2.12199579e-314]]

import numpy.matlib
import numpy as np
print np.matlib.eye(n = 3, M = 4, k = 0, dtype = float)

[[ 1.  0.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  1.  0.  0.]
 [ 0.  0.  1.  0.]]

import numpy.matlib
import numpy as np
print np.matlib.rand(3,3)

[[ 0.82674464  0.57206837  0.15497519]
 [ 0.33857374  0.35742401  0.90895076]
 [ 0.03968467  0.13962089  0.39665201]]

import numpy.matlib
import numpy as np

i = np.matrix('1,2;3,4')
print i

[[1  2]
 [3  4]]

import numpy.matlib
import numpy as np

j = np.asarray(i)
print j

[[1  2]
 [3  4]]

import numpy.matlib
import numpy as np

k = np.asmatrix (j)
print k

[[1  2]
 [3  4]]

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on a sine curve
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y = np.sin(x)
plt.title("sine wave form")

# Plot the points using matplotlib
plt.plot(x, y)
plt.show()

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Compute the x and y coordinates for points on sine and cosine curves
x = np.arange(0, 3 * np.pi, 0.1)
y_sin = np.sin(x)
y_cos = np.cos(x)

# Set up a subplot grid that has height 2 and width 1,
# and set the first such subplot as active.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 1)

# Make the first plot
plt.plot(x, y_sin)
plt.title('Sine')

# Set the second subplot as active, and make the second plot.
plt.subplot(2, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x, y_cos)
plt.title('Cosine')

# Show the figure.
plt.show()

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
x = [5,8,10]
y = [12,16,6]

x2 = [6,9,11]
y2 = [6,15,7]
plt.bar(x, y, align = 'center')
plt.bar(x2, y2, color = 'g', align = 'center')
plt.title('Bar graph')
plt.ylabel('Y axis')
plt.xlabel('X axis')

plt.show()

import numpy as np

a = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
np.savetxt('out.txt',a)
b = np.loadtxt('out.txt')
print b

[ 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.]