Plsql 简明教程

DECLARE
   greetings varchar2(11) := 'hello world';
BEGIN
   dbms_output.put_line(UPPER(greetings));

   dbms_output.put_line(LOWER(greetings));

   dbms_output.put_line(INITCAP(greetings));

   /* retrieve the first character in the string */
   dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, 1, 1));

   /* retrieve the last character in the string */
   dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, -1, 1));

   /* retrieve five characters,
      starting from the seventh position. */
   dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, 7, 5));

   /* retrieve the remainder of the string,
      starting from the second position. */
   dbms_output.put_line ( SUBSTR (greetings, 2));

   /* find the location of the first "e" */
   dbms_output.put_line ( INSTR (greetings, 'e'));
END;
/

HELLO WORLD
hello world
Hello World
h
d
World
ello World
2

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
   greetings varchar2(30) := '......Hello World.....';
BEGIN
   dbms_output.put_line(RTRIM(greetings,'.'));
   dbms_output.put_line(LTRIM(greetings, '.'));
   dbms_output.put_line(TRIM( '.' from greetings));
END;
/

......Hello World
Hello World.....
Hello World

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
   type namesarray IS VARRAY(5) OF VARCHAR2(10);
   type grades IS VARRAY(5) OF INTEGER;
   names namesarray;
   marks grades;
   total integer;
BEGIN
   names := namesarray('Kavita', 'Pritam', 'Ayan', 'Rishav', 'Aziz');
   marks:= grades(98, 97, 78, 87, 92);
   total := names.count;
   dbms_output.put_line('Total '|| total || ' Students');
   FOR i in 1 .. total LOOP
      dbms_output.put_line('Student: ' || names(i) || '
      Marks: ' || marks(i));
   END LOOP;
END;
/

Total 5 Students
Student: Kavita  Marks: 98
Student: Pritam  Marks: 97
Student: Ayan  Marks: 78
Student: Rishav  Marks: 87
Student: Aziz  Marks: 92

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

DECLARE
   CURSOR c_customers is
   SELECT  name FROM customers;
   type c_list is varray (6) of customers.name%type;
   name_list c_list := c_list();
   counter integer :=0;
BEGIN
   FOR n IN c_customers LOOP
      counter := counter + 1;
      name_list.extend;
      name_list(counter)  := n.name;
      dbms_output.put_line('Customer('||counter ||'):'||name_list(counter));
   END LOOP;
END;
/

Customer(1): Ramesh
Customer(2): Khilan
Customer(3): kaushik
Customer(4): Chaitali
Customer(5): Hardik
Customer(6): Komal

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE greetings
AS
BEGIN
   dbms_output.put_line('Hello World!');
END;
/

Procedure created.

DECLARE
   a number;
   b number;
   c number;
PROCEDURE findMin(x IN number, y IN number, z OUT number) IS
BEGIN
   IF x < y THEN
      z:= x;
   ELSE
      z:= y;
   END IF;
END;
BEGIN
   a:= 23;
   b:= 45;
   findMin(a, b, c);
   dbms_output.put_line(' Minimum of (23, 45) : ' || c);
END;
/

Minimum of (23, 45) : 23

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
   a number;
PROCEDURE squareNum(x IN OUT number) IS
BEGIN
  x := x * x;
END;
BEGIN
   a:= 23;
   squareNum(a);
   dbms_output.put_line(' Square of (23): ' || a);
END;
/

Square of (23): 529

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

findMin(a, b, c, d);

findMin(x => a, y => b, z => c, m => d);

findMin(a, b, c, m => d);

findMin(x => a, b, c, d);

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION totalCustomers
RETURN number IS
   total number(2) := 0;
BEGIN
   SELECT count(*) into total
   FROM customers;

   RETURN total;
END;
/

Function created.

DECLARE
   a number;
   b number;
   c number;
FUNCTION findMax(x IN number, y IN number)
RETURN number
IS
    z number;
BEGIN
   IF x > y THEN
      z:= x;
   ELSE
      Z:= y;
   END IF;
   RETURN z;
END;
BEGIN
   a:= 23;
   b:= 45;
   c := findMax(a, b);
   dbms_output.put_line(' Maximum of (23,45): ' || c);
END;
/

Maximum of (23,45): 45

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

DECLARE
   total_rows number(2);
BEGIN
   UPDATE customers
   SET salary = salary + 500;
   IF sql%notfound THEN
      dbms_output.put_line('no customers selected');
   ELSIF sql%found THEN
      total_rows := sql%rowcount;
      dbms_output.put_line( total_rows || ' customers selected ');
   END IF;
END;
/

6 customers selected

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2500.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  2000.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2500.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  7000.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  9000.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  5000.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

DECLARE
   c_id customers.id%type;
   c_name customer.name%type;
   c_addr customers.address%type;
   CURSOR c_customers is
      SELECT id, name, address FROM customers;
BEGIN
   OPEN c_customers;
   LOOP
   FETCH c_customers into c_id, c_name, c_addr;
      EXIT WHEN c_customers%notfound;
      dbms_output.put_line(c_id || ' ' || c_name || ' ' || c_addr);
   END LOOP;
   CLOSE c_customers;
END;
/

1 Ramesh Ahmedabad
2 Khilan Delhi
3 kaushik Kota
4 Chaitali Mumbai
5 Hardik Bhopal
6 Komal MP

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

TYPE
type_name IS RECORD
  ( field_name1  datatype1  [NOT NULL]  [:= DEFAULT EXPRESSION],
   field_name2   datatype2   [NOT NULL]  [:= DEFAULT EXPRESSION],
   ...
   field_nameN  datatypeN  [NOT NULL]  [:= DEFAULT EXPRESSION);
record-name  type_name;

DECLARE
TYPE books IS RECORD
(title  varchar(50),
   author  varchar(50),
   subject varchar(100),
   book_id   number);
book1 books;
book2 books;

DECLARE
   type books is record
      (title varchar(50),
      author varchar(50),
      subject varchar(100),
      book_id number);
   book1 books;
   book2 books;
BEGIN
   -- Book 1 specification
   book1.title  := 'C Programming';
   book1.author := 'Nuha Ali ';
   book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial';
   book1.book_id := 6495407;
   -- Book 2 specification
   book2.title := 'Telecom Billing';
   book2.author := 'Zara Ali';
   book2.subject := 'Telecom Billing Tutorial';
   book2.book_id := 6495700;

  -- Print book 1 record
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 1 title : '|| book1.title);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 1 author : '|| book1.author);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 1 subject : '|| book1.subject);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 1 book_id : ' || book1.book_id);

   -- Print book 2 record
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 2 title : '|| book2.title);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 2 author : '|| book2.author);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 2 subject : '|| book2.subject);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book 2 book_id : '|| book2.book_id);
END;
/

Book 1 title : C Programming
Book 1 author : Nuha Ali
Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial
Book 1 book_id : 6495407
Book 2 title : Telecom Billing
Book 2 author : Zara Ali
Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial
Book 2 book_id : 6495700

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
   type books is record
      (title  varchar(50),
      author  varchar(50),
      subject varchar(100),
      book_id   number);
   book1 books;
   book2 books;
PROCEDURE printbook (book books) IS
BEGIN
   dbms_output.put_line ('Book  title :  ' || book.title);
   dbms_output.put_line('Book  author : ' || book.author);
   dbms_output.put_line( 'Book  subject : ' || book.subject);
   dbms_output.put_line( 'Book book_id : ' || book.book_id);
END;

BEGIN
   -- Book 1 specification
   book1.title  := 'C Programming';
   book1.author := 'Nuha Ali ';
   book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial';
   book1.book_id := 6495407;

   -- Book 2 specification
   book2.title := 'Telecom Billing';
   book2.author := 'Zara Ali';
   book2.subject := 'Telecom Billing Tutorial';
   book2.book_id := 6495700;

   -- Use procedure to print book info
   printbook(book1);
   printbook(book2);
END;
/

Book  title : C Programming
Book  author : Nuha Ali
Book subject : C Programming Tutorial
Book  book_id : 6495407
Book title : Telecom Billing
Book author : Zara Ali
Book subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial
Book book_id : 6495700

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
   c_id customers.id%type := 8;
   c_name customerS.Name%type;
   c_addr customers.address%type;
BEGIN
   SELECT  name, address INTO  c_name, c_addr
   FROM customers
   WHERE id = c_id;
   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Name: '||  c_name);
   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Address: ' || c_addr);

EXCEPTION
   WHEN no_data_found THEN
      dbms_output.put_line('No such customer!');
   WHEN others THEN
      dbms_output.put_line('Error!');
END;
/

No such customer!

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
   c_id customers.id%type := &cc_id;
   c_name customerS.Name%type;
   c_addr customers.address%type;
   -- user defined exception
   ex_invalid_id  EXCEPTION;
BEGIN
   IF c_id <= 0 THEN
      RAISE ex_invalid_id;
   ELSE
      SELECT  name, address INTO  c_name, c_addr
      FROM customers
      WHERE id = c_id;
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Name: '||  c_name);
      DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE ('Address: ' || c_addr);
   END IF;

EXCEPTION
   WHEN ex_invalid_id THEN
      dbms_output.put_line('ID must be greater than zero!');
   WHEN no_data_found THEN
      dbms_output.put_line('No such customer!');
   WHEN others THEN
      dbms_output.put_line('Error!');
END;
/

Enter value for cc_id: -6 (let's enter a value -6)
old  2: c_id customers.id%type := &cc_id;
new  2: c_id customers.id%type := -6;
ID must be greater than zero!

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER display_salary_changes
BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON customers
FOR EACH ROW
WHEN (NEW.ID > 0)
DECLARE
   sal_diff number;
BEGIN
   sal_diff := :NEW.salary  - :OLD.salary;
   dbms_output.put_line('Old salary: ' || :OLD.salary);
   dbms_output.put_line('New salary: ' || :NEW.salary);
   dbms_output.put_line('Salary difference: ' || sal_diff);
END;
/

Trigger created.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  3000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  3000.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  3000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  7500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  9500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  5500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE c_package AS
   -- Adds a customer
   PROCEDURE addCustomer(c_id   customers.id%type,
   c_name  customers.Name%type,
   c_age  customers.age%type,
   c_addr customers.address%type,
   c_sal  customers.salary%type);

   -- Removes a customer
   PROCEDURE delCustomer(c_id  customers.id%TYPE);
   --Lists all customers
   PROCEDURE listCustomer;

END c_package;
/

Package created.

CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY c_package AS
   PROCEDURE addCustomer(c_id  customers.id%type,
      c_name customers.Name%type,
      c_age  customers.age%type,
      c_addr  customers.address%type,
      c_sal   customers.salary%type)
   IS
   BEGIN
      INSERT INTO customers (id,name,age,address,salary)
         VALUES(c_id, c_name, c_age, c_addr, c_sal);
   END addCustomer;

   PROCEDURE delCustomer(c_id   customers.id%type) IS
   BEGIN
      DELETE FROM customers
      WHERE id = c_id;
   END delCustomer;

   PROCEDURE listCustomer IS
   CURSOR c_customers is
      SELECT  name FROM customers;
   TYPE c_list is TABLE OF customers.Name%type;
   name_list c_list := c_list();
   counter integer :=0;
   BEGIN
      FOR n IN c_customers LOOP
      counter := counter +1;
      name_list.extend;
      name_list(counter) := n.name;
      dbms_output.put_line('Customer(' ||counter|| ')'||name_list(counter));
      END LOOP;
   END listCustomer;

END c_package;
/

Package body created.

DECLARE
   code customers.id%type:= 8;
BEGIN
   c_package.addcustomer(7, 'Rajnish', 25, 'Chennai', 3500);
   c_package.addcustomer(8, 'Subham', 32, 'Delhi', 7500);
   c_package.listcustomer;
   c_package.delcustomer(code);
   c_package.listcustomer;
END;
/

Customer(1): Ramesh
Customer(2): Khilan
Customer(3): kaushik
Customer(4): Chaitali
Customer(5): Hardik
Customer(6): Komal
Customer(7): Rajnish
Customer(8): Subham
Customer(1): Ramesh
Customer(2): Khilan
Customer(3): kaushik
Customer(4): Chaitali
Customer(5): Hardik
Customer(6): Komal
Customer(7): Rajnish

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

DECLARE
   TYPE salary IS TABLE OF NUMBER INDEX BY VARCHAR2(20);
   salary_list salary;
   name   VARCHAR2(20);
BEGIN
   -- adding elements to the table
   salary_list('Rajnish') := 62000;
   salary_list('Minakshi') := 75000;
   salary_list('Martin') := 100000;
   salary_list('James') := 78000;

   -- printing the table
   name := salary_list.FIRST;
   WHILE name IS NOT null LOOP
      dbms_output.put_line
      ('Salary of ' || name || ' is ' || TO_CHAR(salary_list(name)));
      name := salary_list.NEXT(name);
   END LOOP;
END;
/

Salary of James is 78000
Salary of Martin is 100000
Salary of Minakshi is 75000
Salary of Rajnish is 62000

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

DECLARE
   CURSOR c_customers is
      select name from customers;

   TYPE c_list IS TABLE of customers.Name%type INDEX BY binary_integer;
   name_list c_list;
   counter integer :=0;
BEGIN
   FOR n IN c_customers LOOP
      counter := counter +1;
      name_list(counter) := n.name;
      dbms_output.put_line('Customer('||counter||'):'||name_lis t(counter));
   END LOOP;
END;
/

Customer(1): Ramesh
Customer(2): Khilan
Customer(3): kaushik
Customer(4): Chaitali
Customer(5): Hardik
Customer(6): Komal

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed

DECLARE
   TYPE names_table IS TABLE OF VARCHAR2(10);
   TYPE grades IS TABLE OF INTEGER;
   names names_table;
   marks grades;
   total integer;
BEGIN
   names := names_table('Kavita', 'Pritam', 'Ayan', 'Rishav', 'Aziz');
   marks:= grades(98, 97, 78, 87, 92);
   total := names.count;
   dbms_output.put_line('Total '|| total || ' Students');
   FOR i IN 1 .. total LOOP
      dbms_output.put_line('Student:'||names(i)||', Marks:' || marks(i));
   end loop;
END;
/

Total 5 Students
Student:Kavita, Marks:98
Student:Pritam, Marks:97
Student:Ayan, Marks:78
Student:Rishav, Marks:87
Student:Aziz, Marks:92

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Select * from customers;

+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
| ID | NAME     | AGE | ADDRESS   | SALARY   |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+
|  1 | Ramesh   |  32 | Ahmedabad |  2000.00 |
|  2 | Khilan   |  25 | Delhi     |  1500.00 |
|  3 | kaushik  |  23 | Kota      |  2000.00 |
|  4 | Chaitali |  25 | Mumbai    |  6500.00 |
|  5 | Hardik   |  27 | Bhopal    |  8500.00 |
|  6 | Komal    |  22 | MP        |  4500.00 |
+----+----------+-----+-----------+----------+

DECLARE
   CURSOR c_customers is
      SELECT  name FROM customers;
   TYPE c_list IS TABLE of customerS.No.ame%type;
   name_list c_list := c_list();
   counter integer :=0;
BEGIN
   FOR n IN c_customers LOOP
      counter := counter +1;
      name_list.extend;
      name_list(counter)  := n.name;
      dbms_output.put_line('Customer('||counter||'):'||name_list(counter));
   END LOOP;
END;
/

Customer(1): Ramesh
Customer(2): Khilan
Customer(3): kaushik
Customer(4): Chaitali
Customer(5): Hardik
Customer(6): Komal

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

SAVEPOINT < savepoint_name >;

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (7, 'Rajnish', 27, 'HP', 9500.00 );

INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)
VALUES (8, 'Riddhi', 21, 'WB', 4500.00 );
SAVEPOINT sav1;

UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET SALARY = SALARY + 1000;
ROLLBACK TO sav1;

UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET SALARY = SALARY + 1000
WHERE ID = 7;
UPDATE CUSTOMERS
SET SALARY = SALARY + 1000
WHERE ID = 8;

COMMIT;

SELECT SYSDATE FROM DUAL;

08/31/2012 5:25:34 PM

SELECT TO_CHAR(CURRENT_DATE, 'DD-MM-YYYY HH:MI:SS') FROM DUAL;

31-08-2012 05:26:14

SELECT ADD_MONTHS(SYSDATE, 5) FROM DUAL;

01/31/2013 5:26:31 PM

SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP FROM DUAL;

8/31/2012 5:26:55.347000 PM

DECLARE
   lines dbms_output.chararr;
   num_lines number;
BEGIN
   -- enable the buffer with default size 20000
   dbms_output.enable;

   dbms_output.put_line('Hello Reader!');
   dbms_output.put_line('Hope you have enjoyed the tutorials!');
   dbms_output.put_line('Have a great time exploring pl/sql!');

   num_lines := 3;

   dbms_output.get_lines(lines, num_lines);

   FOR i IN 1..num_lines LOOP
      dbms_output.put_line(lines(i));
   END LOOP;
END;
/

Hello Reader!
Hope you have enjoyed the tutorials!
Have a great time exploring pl/sql!

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.