Python Design Patterns 简明教程

Python Design Patterns - Decorator

装饰器模式允许用户向现有对象添加新功能，而不改变其结构。该类型的设计模式属于结构模式，因为该模式充当现有类的包装。

这个模式创建一个装饰器类，该类包装原始类并提供附加功能，同时保持类方法签名不变。

装饰器模式的目的是为一个对象动态添加附加责任。

How to implement decorator design pattern

下面提到的代码是一个简单的演示，说明如何在 Python 中实现装饰器设计模式。说明涉及以类的格式演示一家咖啡店。创建的咖啡类是一个抽象类，这意味着它不能被实例化。

import six
from abc import ABCMeta

@six.add_metaclass(ABCMeta)
class Abstract_Coffee(object):

   def get_cost(self):
      pass

   def get_ingredients(self):
      pass

   def get_tax(self):
      return 0.1*self.get_cost()

class Concrete_Coffee(Abstract_Coffee):

   def get_cost(self):
      return 1.00

   def get_ingredients(self):
      return 'coffee'

@six.add_metaclass(ABCMeta)
class Abstract_Coffee_Decorator(Abstract_Coffee):

   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      self.decorated_coffee = decorated_coffee

   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost()

   def get_ingredients(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients()

class Sugar(Abstract_Coffee_Decorator):

   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      Abstract_Coffee_Decorator.__init__(self,decorated_coffee)

   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost()

   def get_ingredients(self):
	   return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients() + ', sugar'

class Milk(Abstract_Coffee_Decorator):

   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      Abstract_Coffee_Decorator.__init__(self,decorated_coffee)

   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost() + 0.25

   def get_ingredients(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients() + ', milk'

class Vanilla(Abstract_Coffee_Decorator):

   def __init__(self,decorated_coffee):
      Abstract_Coffee_Decorator.__init__(self,decorated_coffee)

   def get_cost(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_cost() + 0.75

   def get_ingredients(self):
      return self.decorated_coffee.get_ingredients() + ', vanilla'

咖啡店的抽象类的实现是通过一个单独的文件完成的，如下所示−

import coffeeshop

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Concrete_Coffee()
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Milk(myCoffee)
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Vanilla(myCoffee)
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

myCoffee = coffeeshop.Sugar(myCoffee)
print('Ingredients: '+myCoffee.get_ingredients()+
   '; Cost: '+str(myCoffee.get_cost())+'; sales tax = '+str(myCoffee.get_tax()))

Output

上述程序生成以下输出 −

decorator pattern