Ruby 简明教程

$irb
irb 0.6.1(99/09/16)
irb(main):001:0> def hello
irb(main):002:1> out = "Hello World"
irb(main):003:1> puts out
irb(main):004:1> end
nil
irb(main):005:0> hello
Hello World
nil
irb(main):006:0>

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

print <<EOF
   This is the first way of creating
   here document ie. multiple line string.
EOF

print <<"EOF";                # same as above
   This is the second way of creating
   here document ie. multiple line string.
EOF

print <<`EOC`                 # execute commands
	echo hi there
	echo lo there
EOC

print <<"foo", <<"bar"  # you can stack them
	I said foo.
foo
	I said bar.
bar

   This is the first way of creating
   her document ie. multiple line string.
   This is the second way of creating
   her document ie. multiple line string.
hi there
lo there
      I said foo.
      I said bar.

# I am a comment. Just ignore me.

name = "Madisetti" # This is again comment

# This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.

=begin
This is a comment.
This is a comment, too.
This is a comment, too.
I said that already.
=end

class Customer
end

cust1 = Customer. new
cust2 = Customer. new

class Customer
   @@no_of_customers = 0
   def initialize(id, name, addr)
      @cust_id = id
      @cust_name = name
      @cust_addr = addr
   end
end

cust1 = Customer.new("1", "John", "Wisdom Apartments, Ludhiya")
cust2 = Customer.new("2", "Poul", "New Empire road, Khandala")

class Sample
   def function
      statement 1
      statement 2
   end
end

class Sample
   def hello
      puts "Hello Ruby!"
   end
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Sample
   def hello
      puts "Hello Ruby!"
   end
end

# Now using above class to create objects
object = Sample. new
object.hello

Hello Ruby!

#!/usr/bin/ruby

$global_variable = 10
class Class1
   def print_global
      puts "Global variable in Class1 is #$global_variable"
   end
end
class Class2
   def print_global
      puts "Global variable in Class2 is #$global_variable"
   end
end

class1obj = Class1.new
class1obj.print_global
class2obj = Class2.new
class2obj.print_global

Global variable in Class1 is 10
Global variable in Class2 is 10

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Customer
   def initialize(id, name, addr)
      @cust_id = id
      @cust_name = name
      @cust_addr = addr
   end
   def display_details()
      puts "Customer id #@cust_id"
      puts "Customer name #@cust_name"
      puts "Customer address #@cust_addr"
   end
end

# Create Objects
cust1 = Customer.new("1", "John", "Wisdom Apartments, Ludhiya")
cust2 = Customer.new("2", "Poul", "New Empire road, Khandala")

# Call Methods
cust1.display_details()
cust2.display_details()

Customer id 1
Customer name John
Customer address Wisdom Apartments, Ludhiya
Customer id 2
Customer name Poul
Customer address New Empire road, Khandala

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Customer
   @@no_of_customers = 0
   def initialize(id, name, addr)
      @cust_id = id
      @cust_name = name
      @cust_addr = addr
   end
   def display_details()
      puts "Customer id #@cust_id"
      puts "Customer name #@cust_name"
      puts "Customer address #@cust_addr"
   end
   def total_no_of_customers()
      @@no_of_customers += 1
      puts "Total number of customers: #@@no_of_customers"
   end
end

# Create Objects
cust1 = Customer.new("1", "John", "Wisdom Apartments, Ludhiya")
cust2 = Customer.new("2", "Poul", "New Empire road, Khandala")

# Call Methods
cust1.total_no_of_customers()
cust2.total_no_of_customers()

Total number of customers: 1
Total number of customers: 2

#!/usr/bin/ruby

class Example
   VAR1 = 100
   VAR2 = 200
   def show
      puts "Value of first Constant is #{VAR1}"
      puts "Value of second Constant is #{VAR2}"
   end
end

# Create Objects
object = Example.new()
object.show

Value of first Constant is 100
Value of second Constant is 200

a = 10
b = 20
c = 30

a, b, c = 10, 20, 30

a, b = b, c

 a    =  0011 1100
 b    =  0000 1101
 ------------------
 a&b  =  0000 1100
 a|b  =  0011 1101
 a^b  =  0011 0001
 ~a   =  1100 0011

MR_COUNT = 0         # constant defined on main Object class
module Foo
   MR_COUNT = 0
   ::MR_COUNT = 1    # set global count to 1
   MR_COUNT = 2      # set local count to 2
end
puts MR_COUNT        # this is the global constant
puts Foo::MR_COUNT   # this is the local "Foo" constant

CONST = ' out there'
class Inside_one
   CONST = proc {' in there'}
   def where_is_my_CONST
      ::CONST + ' inside one'
   end
end
class Inside_two
   CONST = ' inside two'
   def where_is_my_CONST
      CONST
   end
end
puts Inside_one.new.where_is_my_CONST
puts Inside_two.new.where_is_my_CONST
puts Object::CONST + Inside_two::CONST
puts Inside_two::CONST + CONST
puts Inside_one::CONST
puts Inside_one::CONST.call + Inside_two::CONST

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

puts "Hello, Ruby!"

=begin
This is a multiline comment and con spwan as many lines as you
like. But =begin and =end should come in the first line only.
=end

Hello, Ruby!

@counter      # keeps track times page has been hit
@siteCounter  # keeps track of times all pages have been hit

until conditional [do]
   code
end

def method_name [( [arg [= default]]...[, * arg [, &expr ]])]
   expr..
end

def method_name
   expr..
end

def method_name (var1, var2)
   expr..
end

def method_name (var1 = value1, var2 = value2)
   expr..
end

method_name

method_name 25, 30

def test
   i = 100
   j = 10
   k = 0
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby

def sample (*test)
   puts "The number of parameters is #{test.length}"
   for i in 0...test.length
      puts "The parameters are #{test[i]}"
   end
end
sample "Zara", "6", "F"
sample "Mac", "36", "M", "MCA"

The number of parameters is 3
The parameters are Zara
The parameters are 6
The parameters are F
The number of parameters is 4
The parameters are Mac
The parameters are 36
The parameters are M
The parameters are MCA

class Accounts
   def reading_charge
   end
   def Accounts.return_date
   end
end

Accounts.return_date

block_name {
   statement1
   statement2
   ..........
}

#!/usr/bin/ruby

def test
   puts "You are in the method"
   yield
   puts "You are again back to the method"
   yield
end
test {puts "You are in the block"}

You are in the method
You are in the block
You are again back to the method
You are in the block

#!/usr/bin/ruby

def test
   yield 5
   puts "You are in the method test"
   yield 100
end
test {|i| puts "You are in the block #{i}"}

You are in the block 5
You are in the method test
You are in the block 100

test {|i| puts "You are in the block #{i}"}

puts "You are in the block #{i}"

You are in the block 5

yield a, b

test {|a, b| statement}

#!/usr/bin/ruby

def test
   yield
end
test{ puts "Hello world"}

#!/usr/bin/ruby

def test(&block)
   block.call
end
test { puts "Hello World!"}

Hello World!

#!/usr/bin/ruby

BEGIN {
   # BEGIN block code
   puts "BEGIN code block"
}

END {
   # END block code
   puts "END code block"
}
   # MAIN block code
puts "MAIN code block"

BEGIN code block
MAIN code block
END code block

module Identifier
   statement1
   statement2
   ...........
end

module A
   def a1
   end
   def a2
   end
end
module B
   def b1
   end
   def b2
   end
end

class Sample
include A
include B
   def s1
   end
end

samp = Sample.new
samp.a1
samp.a2
samp.b1
samp.b2
samp.s1

#!/usr/bin/ruby

x, y, z = 12, 36, 72
puts "The value of x is #{ x }."
puts "The sum of x and y is #{ x + y }."
puts "The average was #{ (x + y + z)/3 }."

The value of x is 12.
The sum of x and y is 48.
The average was 40.

%{Ruby is fun.}  equivalent to "Ruby is fun."
%Q{ Ruby is fun. } equivalent to " Ruby is fun. "
%q[Ruby is fun.]  equivalent to a single-quoted string
%x!ls! equivalent to back tick command output `ls`

$KCODE = 'u'

new [String.new(str = "")]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

myStr = String.new("THIS IS TEST")
foo = myStr.downcase

puts "#{foo}"

this is test

names = Array.new

names = Array.new(20)

#!/usr/bin/ruby

names = Array.new(20)
puts names.size  # This returns 20
puts names.length # This also returns 20

20
20

#!/usr/bin/ruby

names = Array.new(4, "mac")
puts "#{names}"

["mac", "mac", "mac", "mac"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

nums = Array.new(10) { |e| e = e * 2 }
puts "#{nums}"

[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

nums = Array.[](1, 2, 3, 4,5)

nums = Array[1, 2, 3, 4,5]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

digits = Array(0..9)
puts "#{digits}"

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

Array.[](...) [or] Array[...] [or] [...]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

digits = Array(0..9)
num = digits.at(6)
puts "#{num}"

6

months = Hash.new

months = Hash.new( "month" )

or

months = Hash.new "month"

#!/usr/bin/ruby

months = Hash.new( "month" )

puts "#{months[0]}"
puts "#{months[72]}"

month
month

#!/usr/bin/ruby

H = Hash["a" => 100, "b" => 200]

puts "#{H['a']}"
puts "#{H['b']}"

100
200

[1,"jan"] => "January"

Hash[[key =>|, value]* ] or

Hash.new [or] Hash.new(obj) [or]
Hash.new { |hash, key| block }

#!/usr/bin/ruby

$, = ", "
months = Hash.new( "month" )
months = {"1" => "January", "2" => "February"}

keys = months.keys
puts "#{keys}"

["1", "2"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

time1 = Time.new
puts "Current Time : " + time1.inspect

# Time.now is a synonym:
time2 = Time.now
puts "Current Time : " + time2.inspect

Current Time : Mon Jun 02 12:02:39 -0700 2008
Current Time : Mon Jun 02 12:02:39 -0700 2008

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

time = Time.new

# Components of a Time
puts "Current Time : " + time.inspect
puts time.year    # => Year of the date
puts time.month   # => Month of the date (1 to 12)
puts time.day     # => Day of the date (1 to 31 )
puts time.wday    # => 0: Day of week: 0 is Sunday
puts time.yday    # => 365: Day of year
puts time.hour    # => 23: 24-hour clock
puts time.min     # => 59
puts time.sec     # => 59
puts time.usec    # => 999999: microseconds
puts time.zone    # => "UTC": timezone name

Current Time : Mon Jun 02 12:03:08 -0700 2008
2008
6
2
1
154
12
3
8
247476
UTC

# July 8, 2008
Time.local(2008, 7, 8)
# July 8, 2008, 09:10am, local time
Time.local(2008, 7, 8, 9, 10)
# July 8, 2008, 09:10 UTC
Time.utc(2008, 7, 8, 9, 10)
# July 8, 2008, 09:10:11 GMT (same as UTC)
Time.gm(2008, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)

[sec,min,hour,day,month,year,wday,yday,isdst,zone]

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

time = Time.new
values = time.to_a
p values

[26, 10, 12, 2, 6, 2008, 1, 154, false, "MST"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

time = Time.new
values = time.to_a
puts Time.utc(*values)

Mon Jun 02 12:15:36 UTC 2008

# Returns number of seconds since epoch
time = Time.now.to_i

# Convert number of seconds into Time object.
Time.at(time)

# Returns second since epoch which includes microseconds
time = Time.now.to_f

time = Time.new

# Here is the interpretation
time.zone       # => "UTC": return the timezone
time.utc_offset # => 0: UTC is 0 seconds offset from UTC
time.zone       # => "PST" (or whatever your timezone is)
time.isdst      # => false: If UTC does not have DST.
time.utc?       # => true: if t is in UTC time zone
time.localtime  # Convert to local timezone.
time.gmtime     # Convert back to UTC.
time.getlocal   # Return a new Time object in local zone
time.getutc     # Return a new Time object in UTC

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

time = Time.new
puts time.to_s
puts time.ctime
puts time.localtime
puts time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")

Mon Jun 02 12:35:19 -0700 2008
Mon Jun  2 12:35:19 2008
Mon Jun 02 12:35:19 -0700 2008
2008-06-02 12:35:19

now = Time.now          # Current time
puts now

past = now - 10         # 10 seconds ago. Time - number => Time
puts past

future = now + 10  # 10 seconds from now Time + number => Time
puts future

diff = future - past     # => 10  Time - Time => number of seconds
puts diff

Thu Aug 01 20:57:05 -0700 2013
Thu Aug 01 20:56:55 -0700 2013
Thu Aug 01 20:57:15 -0700 2013
20.0

(1..5)        #==> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
(1...5)       #==> 1, 2, 3, 4
('a'..'d')    #==> 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'

#!/usr/bin/ruby

$, =", "   # Array value separator
range1 = (1..10).to_a
range2 = ('bar'..'bat').to_a

puts "#{range1}"
puts "#{range2}"

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
["bar", "bas", "bat"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

# Assume a range
digits = 0..9

puts digits.include?(5)
ret = digits.min
puts "Min value is #{ret}"

ret = digits.max
puts "Max value is #{ret}"

ret = digits.reject {|i| i < 5 }
puts "Rejected values are #{ret}"

digits.each do |digit|
   puts "In Loop #{digit}"
end

true
Min value is 0
Max value is 9
Rejected values are 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
In Loop 0
In Loop 1
In Loop 2
In Loop 3
In Loop 4
In Loop 5
In Loop 6
In Loop 7
In Loop 8
In Loop 9

while gets
   print if /start/../end/
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby

score = 70

result = case score
   when 0..40 then "Fail"
   when 41..60 then "Pass"
   when 61..70 then "Pass with Merit"
   when 71..100 then "Pass with Distinction"
   else "Invalid Score"
end

puts result

Pass with Merit

#!/usr/bin/ruby

if ((1..10) === 5)
   puts "5 lies in (1..10)"
end

if (('a'..'j') === 'c')
   puts "c lies in ('a'..'j')"
end

if (('a'..'j') === 'z')
   puts "z lies in ('a'..'j')"
end

5 lies in (1..10)
c lies in ('a'..'j')

File.open("filename", "mode") do |aFile|
   # ... process the file
end

This is a simple text file for testing purpose.

#!/usr/bin/ruby

aFile = File.new("input.txt", "r")
if aFile
   content = aFile.sysread(20)
   puts content
else
   puts "Unable to open file!"
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby

aFile = File.new("input.txt", "r+")
if aFile
   aFile.syswrite("ABCDEF")
else
   puts "Unable to open file!"
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby

aFile = File.new("input.txt", "r+")
if aFile
   aFile.syswrite("ABCDEF")
   aFile.each_byte {|ch| putc ch; putc ?. }
else
   puts "Unable to open file!"
end

s. .a. .s.i.m.p.l.e. .t.e.x.t. .f.i.l.e. .f.o.r. .t.e.s.t.i.n.g. .p.u.r.p.o.s.e...
.
.

#!/usr/bin/ruby

arr = IO.readlines("input.txt")
puts arr[0]
puts arr[1]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

IO.foreach("input.txt"){|block| puts block}

#!/usr/bin/ruby

# Rename a file from test1.txt to test2.txt
File.rename( "test1.txt", "test2.txt" )

#!/usr/bin/ruby

# Delete file test2.txt
File.delete("test2.txt")

#!/usr/bin/ruby

file = File.new( "test.txt", "w" )
file.chmod( 0755 )

#!/usr/bin/ruby

File.open("file.rb") if File::exists?( "file.rb" )

#!/usr/bin/ruby

# This returns either true or false
File.file?( "text.txt" )

#!/usr/bin/ruby

# a directory
File::directory?( "/usr/local/bin" ) # => true

# a file
File::directory?( "file.rb" ) # => false

#!/usr/bin/ruby

File.readable?( "test.txt" )   # => true
File.writable?( "test.txt" )   # => true
File.executable?( "test.txt" ) # => false

#!/usr/bin/ruby

File.zero?( "test.txt" )      # => true

#!/usr/bin/ruby

File.size?( "text.txt" )     # => 1002

#!/usr/bin/ruby

File::ftype( "test.txt" )     # => file

#!/usr/bin/ruby

File::ctime( "test.txt" ) # => Fri May 09 10:06:37 -0700 2008
File::mtime( "text.txt" ) # => Fri May 09 10:44:44 -0700 2008
File::atime( "text.txt" ) # => Fri May 09 10:45:01 -0700 2008

Dir.chdir("/usr/bin")

puts Dir.pwd # This will return something like /usr/bin

puts Dir.entries("/usr/bin").join(' ')

Dir.foreach("/usr/bin") do |entry|
   puts entry
end

Dir["/usr/bin/*"]

Dir.mkdir("mynewdir")

Dir.mkdir( "mynewdir", 755 )

Dir.delete("testdir")

require 'tmpdir'
   tempfilename = File.join(Dir.tmpdir, "tingtong")
   tempfile = File.new(tempfilename, "w")
   tempfile.puts "This is a temporary file"
   tempfile.close
   File.delete(tempfilename)

require 'tempfile'
   f = Tempfile.new('tingtong')
   f.puts "Hello"
   puts f.path
   f.close

begin
# -
rescue OneTypeOfException
# -
rescue AnotherTypeOfException
# -
else
# Other exceptions
ensure
# Always will be executed
end

class FileSaveError < StandardError
   attr_reader :reason
   def initialize(reason)
      @reason = reason
   end
end

File.open(path, "w") do |file|
begin
   # Write out the data ...
rescue
   # Something went wrong!
   raise FileSaveError.new($!)
end
end

class Box
   code
end

box1 = Box.new
box2 = Box.new

class Box
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
end

class Box
   def initialize(w,h)
      # assign instance variables
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # accessor methods
   def printWidth
      @width
   end

   def printHeight
      @height
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# use accessor methods
x = box.printWidth()
y = box.printHeight()

puts "Width of the box is : #{x}"
puts "Height of the box is : #{y}"

Width of the box is : 10
Height of the box is : 20

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # accessor methods
   def getWidth
      @width
   end
   def getHeight
      @height
   end

   # setter methods
   def setWidth=(value)
      @width = value
   end
   def setHeight=(value)
      @height = value
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# use setter methods
box.setWidth = 30
box.setHeight = 50

# use accessor methods
x = box.getWidth()
y = box.getHeight()

puts "Width of the box is : #{x}"
puts "Height of the box is : #{y}"

Width of the box is : 30
Height of the box is : 50

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      @width * @height
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# call instance methods
a = box.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

Area of the box is : 200

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

class Box
   # Initialize our class variables
   @@count = 0
   def initialize(w,h)
      # assign instance avriables
      @width, @height = w, h

      @@count += 1
   end

   def self.printCount()
      puts "Box count is : #@@count"
   end
end

# create two object
box1 = Box.new(10, 20)
box2 = Box.new(30, 100)

# call class method to print box count
Box.printCount()

Box count is : 2

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # define to_s method
   def to_s
      "(w:#@width,h:#@height)"  # string formatting of the object.
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# to_s method will be called in reference of string automatically.
puts "String representation of box is : #{box}"

String representation of box is : (w:10,h:20)

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # instance method by default it is public
   def getArea
      getWidth() * getHeight
   end

   # define private accessor methods
   def getWidth
      @width
   end
   def getHeight
      @height
   end
   # make them private
   private :getWidth, :getHeight

   # instance method to print area
   def printArea
      @area = getWidth() * getHeight
      puts "Big box area is : #@area"
   end
   # make it protected
   protected :printArea
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# call instance methods
a = box.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

# try to call protected or methods
box.printArea()

Area of the box is : 200
test.rb:42: protected method `printArea' called for #
<Box:0xb7f11280 @height = 20, @width = 10> (NoMethodError)

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      @width * @height
   end
end

# define a subclass
class BigBox < Box

   # add a new instance method
   def printArea
      @area = @width * @height
      puts "Big box area is : #@area"
   end
end

# create an object
box = BigBox.new(10, 20)

# print the area
box.printArea()

Big box area is : 200

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      @width * @height
   end
end

# define a subclass
class BigBox < Box

   # change existing getArea method as follows
   def getArea
      @area = @width * @height
      puts "Big box area is : #@area"
   end
end

# create an object
box = BigBox.new(10, 20)

# print the area using overriden method.
box.getArea()

class Box
   def initialize(w,h)     # Initialize the width and height
      @width,@height = w, h
   end

   def +(other)       # Define + to do vector addition
      Box.new(@width + other.width, @height + other.height)
   end

   def -@           # Define unary minus to negate width and height
      Box.new(-@width, -@height)
   end

   def *(scalar)           # To perform scalar multiplication
      Box.new(@width*scalar, @height*scalar)
   end
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # accessor methods
   def getWidth
      @width
   end
   def getHeight
      @height
   end

   # setter methods
   def setWidth=(value)
      @width = value
   end
   def setHeight=(value)
      @height = value
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# let us freez this object
box.freeze
if( box.frozen? )
   puts "Box object is frozen object"
else
   puts "Box object is normal object"
end

# now try using setter methods
box.setWidth = 30
box.setHeight = 50

# use accessor methods
x = box.getWidth()
y = box.getHeight()

puts "Width of the box is : #{x}"
puts "Height of the box is : #{y}"

Box object is frozen object
test.rb:20:in `setWidth=': can't modify frozen object (TypeError)
   from test.rb:39

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   BOX_COMPANY = "TATA Inc"
   BOXWEIGHT = 10
   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end
   # instance method
   def getArea
      @width * @height
   end
end

# create an object
box = Box.new(10, 20)

# call instance methods
a = box.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"
puts Box::BOX_COMPANY
puts "Box weight is: #{Box::BOXWEIGHT}"

Area of the box is : 200
TATA Inc
Box weight is: 10

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

# define a class
class Box
   attr_accessor :width, :height

   # constructor method
   def initialize(w,h)
      @width, @height = w, h
   end

   # instance method
   def getArea
      @width * @height
   end
end

# create an object using new
box1 = Box.new(10, 20)

# create another object using allocate
box2 = Box.allocate

# call instance method using box1
a = box1.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

# call instance method using box2
a = box2.getArea()
puts "Area of the box is : #{a}"

Area of the box is : 200
test.rb:14: warning: instance variable @width not initialized
test.rb:14: warning: instance variable @height not initialized
test.rb:14:in `getArea': undefined method `*'
   for nil:NilClass (NoMethodError) from test.rb:29

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

class Box
   # print class information
   puts "Type of self = #{self.type}"
   puts "Name of self = #{self.name}"
end

Type of self = Class
Name of self = Box

/pattern/
/pattern/im    # option can be specified
%r!/usr/local! # general delimited regular expression

# Following matches a single slash character, no escape required
%r|/|

# Flag characters are allowed with this syntax, too
%r[</(.*)>]i

#!/usr/bin/ruby

phone = "2004-959-559 #This is Phone Number"

# Delete Ruby-style comments
phone = phone.sub!(/#.*$/, "")
puts "Phone Num : #{phone}"

# Remove anything other than digits
phone = phone.gsub!(/\D/, "")
puts "Phone Num : #{phone}"

Phone Num : 2004-959-559
Phone Num : 2004959559

#!/usr/bin/ruby

text = "rails are rails, really good Ruby on Rails"

# Change "rails" to "Rails" throughout
text.gsub!("rails", "Rails")

# Capitalize the word "Rails" throughout
text.gsub!(/\brails\b/, "Rails")
puts "#{text}"

Rails are Rails, really good Ruby on Rails

gem install dbi

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require "dbi"

begin
   # connect to the MySQL server
   dbh = DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:TESTDB:localhost", "testuser", "test123")
   # get server version string and display it
   row = dbh.select_one("SELECT VERSION()")
   puts "Server version: " + row[0]
rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

Server version: 5.0.45

dbh.do("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS EMPLOYEE")
dbh.do("CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
   FIRST_NAME  CHAR(20) NOT NULL,
   LAST_NAME  CHAR(20),
   AGE INT,
   SEX CHAR(1),
   INCOME FLOAT )" );

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require "dbi"

begin
   # connect to the MySQL server
   dbh = DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:TESTDB:localhost", "testuser", "test123")
   dbh.do( "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
      VALUES ('Mac', 'Mohan', 20, 'M', 2000)" )
   puts "Record has been created"
   dbh.commit
rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
   dbh.rollback
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

sth = dbh.prepare(statement)
sth.execute
   ... zero or more SQL operations ...
sth.finish

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require "dbi"

begin
   # connect to the MySQL server
   dbh = DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:TESTDB:localhost", "testuser", "test123")
   sth = dbh.prepare( "INSERT INTO EMPLOYEE(FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, AGE, SEX, INCOME)
      VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)" )
   sth.execute('John', 'Poul', 25, 'M', 2300)
   sth.execute('Zara', 'Ali', 17, 'F', 1000)
   sth.finish
   dbh.commit
   puts "Record has been created"
rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
   dbh.rollback
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require "dbi"

begin
   # connect to the MySQL server
   dbh = DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:TESTDB:localhost", "testuser", "test123")
   sth = dbh.prepare("SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE INCOME > ?")
   sth.execute(1000)

   sth.fetch do |row|
   printf "First Name: %s, Last Name : %s\n", row[0], row[1]
   printf "Age: %d, Sex : %s\n", row[2], row[3]
   printf "Salary :%d \n\n", row[4]
end
   sth.finish
rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

First Name: Mac, Last Name : Mohan
Age: 20, Sex : M
Salary :2000

First Name: John, Last Name : Poul
Age: 25, Sex : M
Salary :2300

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require "dbi"

begin
   # connect to the MySQL server
   dbh = DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:TESTDB:localhost", "testuser", "test123")
   sth = dbh.prepare("UPDATE EMPLOYEE SET AGE = AGE + 1 WHERE SEX = ?")
   sth.execute('M')
   sth.finish
   dbh.commit
rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
   dbh.rollback
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require "dbi"

begin
   # connect to the MySQL server
   dbh = DBI.connect("DBI:Mysql:TESTDB:localhost", "testuser", "test123")
   sth = dbh.prepare("DELETE FROM EMPLOYEE WHERE AGE > ?")
   sth.execute(20)
   sth.finish
   dbh.commit
rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
   dbh.rollback
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

dbh.commit

dbh.rollback

dbh.disconnect

rescue DBI::DatabaseError => e
   puts "An error occurred"
   puts "Error code:    #{e.err}"
   puts "Error message: #{e.errstr}"
   dbh.rollback
ensure
   # disconnect from server
   dbh.disconnect if dbh
end

require "dbi/trace"
..............

trace(mode, destination)

#!/usr/bin/ruby

puts "HTTP/1.0 200 OK"
puts "Content-type: text/html\n\n"
puts "<html><body>This is a test</body></html>"

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new

puts cgi.header
puts "<html><body>This is a test</body></html>"

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new
cgi['FirstName'] # =>  ["Zara"]
cgi['LastName']  # =>  ["Ali"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new
h = cgi.params  # =>  {"FirstName"=>["Zara"],"LastName"=>["Ali"]}
h['FirstName']  # =>  ["Zara"]
h['LastName']   # =>  ["Ali"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new
cgi.keys         # =>  ["FirstName", "LastName"]

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
cgi = CGI.new
cgi['name']        # => "Zara"
cgi.params['name'] # => ["Zara", "Huma", "Nuha"]
cgi.keys           # => ["name"]
cgi.params         # => {"name"=>["Zara", "Huma", "Nuha"]}

<html>
   <body>
      <form method = "POST" action = "http://www.example.com/test.cgi">
         First Name :<input type = "text" name = "FirstName" value = "" />
         <br />
         Last Name :<input type = "text" name = "LastName" value = "" />
         <input type = "submit" value = "Submit Data" />
      </form>
   </body>
</html>

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require "cgi"
cgi = CGI.new("html4")
cgi.out {
   cgi.html {
      cgi.head { "\n"+cgi.title{"This Is a Test"} } +
      cgi.body { "\n"+
         cgi.form {"\n"+
            cgi.hr +
            cgi.h1 { "A Form: " } + "\n"+
            cgi.textarea("get_text") +"\n"+
            cgi.br +
            cgi.submit
         }
      }
   }
}

Content-Type: text/html
Content-Length: 302

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Final//EN">

<HTML>
   <HEAD>
      <TITLE>This Is a Test</TITLE>
   </HEAD>
   <BODY>
      <FORM METHOD = "post" ENCTYPE = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
         <HR>
         <H1>A Form: </H1>
         <TEXTAREA COLS = "70" NAME = "get_text" ROWS = "10"></TEXTAREA>
         <BR>
         <INPUT TYPE = "submit">
      </FORM>
   </BODY>
</HTML>

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
puts CGI.escape(Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl")

Zara+Ali%2FA Sweet+%26+Sour+Girl")

#!/usr/bin/ruby

require 'cgi'
puts CGI.escapeHTML('<h1>Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl</h1>')

<h1>Zara Ali/A Sweet & Sour Girl</h1>'

require 'net/smtp'

message = <<MESSAGE_END
From: Private Person <me@fromdomain.com>
To: A Test User <test@todomain.com>
Subject: SMTP e-mail test

This is a test e-mail message.
MESSAGE_END

Net::SMTP.start('localhost') do |smtp|
  smtp.send_message message, 'me@fromdomain.com', 'test@todomain.com'
end

Net::SMTP.start('mail.your-domain.com')

Net::SMTP.start('mail.your-domain.com',
                25,
                'localhost',
                'username', 'password' :plain)

require 'socket'        # Sockets are in standard library

hostname = 'localhost'
port = 2000

s = TCPSocket.open(hostname, port)

while line = s.gets     # Read lines from the socket
   puts line.chop       # And print with platform line terminator
end
s.close                 # Close the socket when done

require 'socket'                 # Get sockets from stdlib

server = TCPServer.open(2000)    # Socket to listen on port 2000
loop {                           # Servers run forever
   client = server.accept        # Wait for a client to connect
   client.puts(Time.now.ctime)   # Send the time to the client
   client.puts "Closing the connection. Bye!"
   client.close                  # Disconnect from the client
}

require 'socket'                 # Get sockets from stdlib

server = TCPServer.open(2000)    # Socket to listen on port 2000
loop {                           # Servers run forever
   Thread.start(server.accept) do |client|
   client.puts(Time.now.ctime)   # Send the time to the client
   client.puts "Closing the connection. Bye!"
   client.close                  # Disconnect from the client
   end
}

require 'socket'

host = 'www.tutorialspoint.com'     # The web server
port = 80                           # Default HTTP port
path = "/index.htm"                 # The file we want

# This is the HTTP request we send to fetch a file
request = "GET #{path} HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"

socket = TCPSocket.open(host,port)  # Connect to server
socket.print(request)               # Send request
response = socket.read              # Read complete response
# Split response at first blank line into headers and body
headers,body = response.split("\r\n\r\n", 2)
print body                          # And display it

require 'net/http'                  # The library we need
host = 'www.tutorialspoint.com'     # The web server
path = '/index.htm'                 # The file we want

http = Net::HTTP.new(host)          # Create a connection
headers, body = http.get(path)      # Request the file
if headers.code == "200"            # Check the status code
   print body
else
   puts "#{headers.code} #{headers.message}"
end

<collection shelf = "New Arrivals">
   <movie title = "Enemy Behind">
      <type>War, Thriller</type>
      <format>DVD</format>
      <year>2003</year>
      <rating>PG</rating>
      <stars>10</stars>
      <description>Talk about a US-Japan war</description>
   </movie>
   <movie title = "Transformers">
      <type>Anime, Science Fiction</type>
      <format>DVD</format>
      <year>1989</year>
      <rating>R</rating>
      <stars>8</stars>
      <description>A schientific fiction</description>
   </movie>
   <movie title = "Trigun">
      <type>Anime, Action</type>
      <format>DVD</format>
      <episodes>4</episodes>
      <rating>PG</rating>
      <stars>10</stars>
      <description>Vash the Stampede!</description>
   </movie>
   <movie title = "Ishtar">
      <type>Comedy</type>
      <format>VHS</format>
      <rating>PG</rating>
      <stars>2</stars>
      <description>Viewable boredom</description>
   </movie>
</collection>

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require 'rexml/document'
include REXML

xmlfile = File.new("movies.xml")
xmldoc = Document.new(xmlfile)

# Now get the root element
root = xmldoc.root
puts "Root element : " + root.attributes["shelf"]

# This will output all the movie titles.
xmldoc.elements.each("collection/movie"){
   |e| puts "Movie Title : " + e.attributes["title"]
}

# This will output all the movie types.
xmldoc.elements.each("collection/movie/type") {
   |e| puts "Movie Type : " + e.text
}

# This will output all the movie description.
xmldoc.elements.each("collection/movie/description") {
   |e| puts "Movie Description : " + e.text
}

Root element : New Arrivals
Movie Title : Enemy Behind
Movie Title : Transformers
Movie Title : Trigun
Movie Title : Ishtar
Movie Type : War, Thriller
Movie Type : Anime, Science Fiction
Movie Type : Anime, Action
Movie Type : Comedy
Movie Description : Talk about a US-Japan war
Movie Description : A schientific fiction
Movie Description : Vash the Stampede!
Movie Description : Viewable boredom

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require 'rexml/document'
require 'rexml/streamlistener'
include REXML

class MyListener
   include REXML::StreamListener
   def tag_start(*args)
      puts "tag_start: #{args.map {|x| x.inspect}.join(', ')}"
   end

   def text(data)
      return if data =~ /^\w*$/     # whitespace only
      abbrev = data[0..40] + (data.length > 40 ? "..." : "")
      puts "  text   :   #{abbrev.inspect}"
   end
end

list = MyListener.new
xmlfile = File.new("movies.xml")
Document.parse_stream(xmlfile, list)

tag_start: "collection", {"shelf"=>"New Arrivals"}
tag_start: "movie", {"title"=>"Enemy Behind"}
tag_start: "type", {}
   text   :   "War, Thriller"
tag_start: "format", {}
tag_start: "year", {}
tag_start: "rating", {}
tag_start: "stars", {}
tag_start: "description", {}
   text   :   "Talk about a US-Japan war"
tag_start: "movie", {"title"=>"Transformers"}
tag_start: "type", {}
   text   :   "Anime, Science Fiction"
tag_start: "format", {}
tag_start: "year", {}
tag_start: "rating", {}
tag_start: "stars", {}
tag_start: "description", {}
   text   :   "A schientific fiction"
tag_start: "movie", {"title"=>"Trigun"}
tag_start: "type", {}
   text   :   "Anime, Action"
tag_start: "format", {}
tag_start: "episodes", {}
tag_start: "rating", {}
tag_start: "stars", {}
tag_start: "description", {}
   text   :   "Vash the Stampede!"
tag_start: "movie", {"title"=>"Ishtar"}
tag_start: "type", {}
tag_start: "format", {}
tag_start: "rating", {}
tag_start: "stars", {}
tag_start: "description", {}
   text   :   "Viewable boredom"

#!/usr/bin/ruby -w

require 'rexml/document'
include REXML

xmlfile = File.new("movies.xml")
xmldoc = Document.new(xmlfile)

# Info for the first movie found
movie = XPath.first(xmldoc, "//movie")
p movie

# Print out all the movie types
XPath.each(xmldoc, "//type") { |e| puts e.text }

# Get an array of all of the movie formats.
names = XPath.match(xmldoc, "//format").map {|x| x.text }
p names

<movie title = 'Enemy Behind'> ... </>
War, Thriller
Anime, Science Fiction
Anime, Action
Comedy
["DVD", "DVD", "DVD", "VHS"]

Download SOAP

$ gem install soap4r --include-dependencies

require 'tk'

root = TkRoot.new { title "Hello, World!" }
TkLabel.new(root) do
   text 'Hello, World!'
   pack { padx 15 ; pady 15; side 'left' }
end
Tk.mainloop

someWidget.bind('ButtonRelease-1') {
   ....code block to handle this event...
}

someWidget.bind('Control-ButtonPress-3', proc { puts "Ouch!" })

helpButton = TkButton.new(buttonFrame) {
   text "Help"
   command proc { showHelp }
}

helpButton.command proc { showHelp }

helpButton = TkButton.new(buttonFrame) {
   text "Help"
   command { showHelp }
}

require "tk"

button = TkButton.new {
   text 'Hello World!'
   pack
}
button.configure('activebackground', 'blue')
Tk.mainloop

color = button.configure('activebackground')

color = button.cget('activebackground')

$ ruby extconf.rb [--with-openldap1|--with-openldap2| \
                   --with-netscape|--with-wldap32]
$ make
$ make install

conn.modify(dn, mods)

conn.delete(dn)

conn.modrdn(dn, new_rdn, delete_old_rdn)

# Thread #1 is running here
Thread.new {
   # Thread #2 runs this code
}
# Thread #1 runs this code

t = Thread.new { ... }
t.abort_on_exception = true

#!/usr/bin/ruby

count = 0
arr = []

10.times do |i|
   arr[i] = Thread.new {
      sleep(rand(0)/10.0)
      Thread.current["mycount"] = count
      count += 1
   }
end

arr.each {|t| t.join; print t["mycount"], ", " }
puts "count = #{count}"

8, 0, 3, 7, 2, 1, 6, 5, 4, 9, count = 10

Thread.abort_on_exception = true

#!/usr/bin/ruby

thr = Thread.new do   # Calling a class method new
   puts "In second thread"
   raise "Raise exception"
end
thr.join   # Calling an instance method join

#!/usr/bin/ruby

num = 12.40
puts num.floor      # 12
puts num + 10       # 22.40
puts num.integer?   # false  as num is a float.

12
22.4
false