Selenium 简明教程

Selenium Tutorial

Selenium 是一个被广泛采用的开源自动化测试框架，其设计目的是帮助用户在各种浏览器和平台上测试 Web 应用程序。Selenium 不仅仅是一个单一工具，而是帮助测试人员更有效地自动化基于 Web 的应用程序的一套工具。本综合教程将帮助您深入了解 Selenium，以及如何使用它来简化您的测试流程。

Selenium is a widely adopted open-source automation testing framework that is designed to help users test web applications across various browsers and platforms. Selenium is not just a single tool but a set of tools that helps testers to automate web-based applications more efficiently. This comprehensive tutorial will help you gain an in-depth understanding of Selenium and how to use it to streamline your testing processes.

Components of Selenium

在本教程中，您将找到对构成 Selenium 套件的以下四个工具的详细说明 −

In this tutorial, you will find a detailed description on the following four tools that form the Selenium suite −

  1. Selenium IDE − Selenium Integrated *D*evelopment *E*nvironment (IDE) is a Firefox plugin that lets testers to record their actions as they follow the workflow that they need to test. It allows users to create test scripts without having to write codes manually. Although it offers a quick start, Selenium IDE is not usually recommended for testing complex scenarios.

  2. Selenium RC − Selenium *R*emote *C*ontrol (RC) was the flagship testing framework that allowed more than simple browser actions and linear execution. It can help you use the full power of programming languages such as Java, C#, PHP, Python, Ruby and PERL to create more complex tests.

  3. Selenium WebDriver − Selenium WebDriver is the successor to Selenium RC which sends commands directly to the browser and retrieves results. WebDriver is meant for automating browser interactions. It provides a simple API for controlling the browsers and help users interact with web elements.

  4. Selenium Grid − Selenium Grid is meant for executing parallel tests across multiple machines. Due to the distribution of test execution across different environments, it can greatly minimize the testing time.

Key Features of Selenium

以下是一些使 Selenium 在测试人员和开发人员中流行的突出功能 −

Here are some of the prominent features of Selenium that makes it so popular among testers and developers alike −

  1. Cross-browser Compatibility − You can use Selenium to execute tests on different browsers including Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Internet Explorer. This ensures that your web application performs consistently across multiple platforms.

  2. Platform Independence − Selenium is not bound to any specific operating system. It can run on Windows, macOS, and Linux. Due to this platform independence, Selenium is the preferred choice for testing diverse applications.

  3. Support for Multiple Programming Languages − Selenium supports multiple programming languages including Java, Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript. This flexibility allows testers and developers to choose a language they are comfortable with.

  4. Extensibility − Selenium has features to enable users to incorporate additional functionalities through several plugins or extensions. One can easily customize Selenium to suit specific testing requirements.

A Sample Test Script Using Selenium WebDriver

开始使用 Selenium 涉及设置开发环境，根据您的专业知识选择最合适的编程语言，以及配置 Selenium WebDriver。本教程将逐步指导您完成每一步，并尽可能提供实际示例。

Getting started with Selenium involves setting up the development environment, selecting the best fit programming language as per your expertise, and configuring the Selenium WebDriver. This tutorial will guide you through each step, providing hands-on examples wherever necessary.

以下是一个使用 Selenium WebDriver 编写的 example test case ，在其中我们将打开一个 Web 浏览器（Chrome），导航到一个网站（www.tutorialspoint.com），获取它的标题并将其打印到控制台上。

Here’s an example test case written in Python using Selenium WebDriver where we will open a web browser (Chrome), navigate to a website (www.tutorialspoint.com), get its title and print it on the console.

Example

在开始之前，确保您已在系统上安装了 Python 及 Selenium WebDriver 库。

Before you begin, make sure you have Python installed on your system along with the Selenium WebDriver library.

from selenium import webdriver

def first_test_script():
   # Create an instance of the Chrome WebDriver
   # you can use other browsers too
   driver = webdriver.Chrome()

   # navigate to the website
   driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com")

   # Get the actual title of the page
   title = driver.title

   # Print the title of the website
   print("Title: " + title)

   # Close the browser window
   driver.quit()

if __name__ == "__main__":
   first_test_script()

将脚本保存到一个文件中（例如 selenium_example.py ），并使用以下命令运行它 −

Save the script to a file (e.g., selenium_example.py) and run it using −

python selenium_example.py

我们从这个 Python 代码中获得了以下 output −

We got the following output from this Python code −

Title: Online Tutorials, Courses, and eBooks Library | Tutorialspoint

Audience

本教程专为希望通过实用示例学习 Selenium 基础知识的软件测试专家设计。本教程包含了足够的要素，让您入门 Selenium，您可以在其中提升自己的专业知识水平。

This tutorial is designed for software testing professionals who would like to learn the basics of Selenium through practical examples. The tutorial contains enough ingredients to get you started with Selenium from where you can take yourself to higher levels of expertise.

Prerequisites

在继续本教程之前，您应该基本了解 Java 或任何其他面向对象的编程语言。此外，您还应精通测试概念的基础知识。

Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have a basic understanding of Java or any other object-oriented programming language. In addition, you should be well-versed with the fundamentals of testing concepts.