Selenium 简明教程
Selenium WebDriver - Installation
Selenium 是一种自动化测试，帮助我们对 Web 应用程序进行自动化测试。在安装 Selenium webdriver 之前，首先应该确定可以开发 Selenium 测试的语言，因为有支持 Selenium 的多种语言。
Selenium Webdriver Installation with Java
Step 1 − 需要下载并安装 Java 到本地的系统。可以通过导航到链接 Java Downloads 进行下载安装。
一旦成功安装 Java，我们可通过从命令提示符运行命令 java 来确认其安装。
C:\java它将在屏幕上显示以下信息 −
Usage: java [options] <mainclass> [args...]
(to execute a class)
or java [options] -jar <jarfile> [args...]
(to execute a jar file)
or java [options] -m <module>[/<mainclass>] [args...]
java [options] --module <module>[/<mainclass>] [args...]
(to execute the main class in a module)
or java [options] <sourcefile> [args]
(to execute a single source-file program)
Arguments following the main class, source file, -jar <jarfile>,
-m or --module <module>/<mainclass> are passed as the arguments to
main class.
where options include:
-cp <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
-classpath <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
--class-path <class search path of directories and zip/jar files>
A ; separated list of directories, JAR archives,
and ZIP archives to search for class files.
-p <module path>
--module-path <module path>...
A ; separated list of directories, each directory
is a directory of modules.
--upgrade-module-path <module path>...
A ; separated list of directories, each directory
is a directory of modules that replace upgradeable
modules in the runtime image
--add-modules <module name>[,<module name>...]
root modules to resolve in addition to the initial module.
<module name> can also be ALL-DEFAULT, ALL-SYSTEM,
ALL-MODULE-PATH.
--enable-native-access <module name>[,<module name>...]
modules that are permitted to perform restricted native operations.
<module name> can also be ALL-UNNAMED.
--list-modules
list observable modules and exit
-d <module name>
--describe-module <module name>
describe a module and exit
--dry-run create VM and load main class but do not execute main method.
The --dry-run option may be useful for validating the
command-line options such as the module system configuration.
--validate-modules
validate all modules and exit
The --validate-modules option may be useful for finding
conflicts and other errors with modules on the module path.
-D<name>=<value>
set a system property
-verbose:[class|module|gc|jni]
enable verbose output for the given subsystem
-version print product version to the error stream and exit
--version print product version to the output stream and exit
-showversion print product version to the error stream and continue
--show-version
print product version to the output stream and continue
--show-module-resolution
show module resolution output during startup
-? -h -help
print this help message to the error stream
--help print this help message to the output stream
-X print help on extra options to the error stream
--help-extra print help on extra options to the output stream
-ea[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-enableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
enable assertions with specified granularity
-da[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
-disableassertions[:<packagename>...|:<classname>]
disable assertions with specified granularity
-esa | -enablesystemassertions
enable system assertions
-dsa | -disablesystemassertions
disable system assertions
-agentlib:<libname>[=<options>]
load native agent library <libname>, e.g. -agentlib:jdwp
see also -agentlib:jdwp=help
-agentpath:<pathname>[=<options>]
load native agent library by full pathname
-javaagent:<jarpath>[=<options>]
load Java programming language agent, see java.lang.instrument
-splash:<imagepath>
show splash screen with specified image
HiDPI scaled images are automatically supported and used
if available. The unscaled image filename, e.g. image.ext,
should always be passed as the argument to the -splash option.
The most appropriate scaled image provided will be picked up
automatically.
See the SplashScreen API documentation for more information
@argument files
one or more argument files containing options
--disable-@files
prevent further argument file expansion
--enable-preview
allow classes to depend on preview features of this release
To specify an argument for a long option, you can use --<name>=<value> or
--<name> <value>.接下来，我们通过运行以下命令确认已安装的 Java 版本 -
java –version它将显示以下输出 −
openjdk version "17.0.9" 2023-10-17
OpenJDK Runtime Environment Homebrew (build 17.0.9+0)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Homebrew (build 17.0.9+0, mixed mode, sharing)执行的命令的输出将表示系统中安装的 java 版本。
有关如何设置 Java 的更详细说明，请参阅链接 Java Environment Setup 。
Step 2 - 使用链接 Downloading Apache Maven 在我们的系统中安装 Maven。
接下来，我们将通过运行以下命令来确认已安装的 Maven 版本：
mvn –version它将显示以下输出 −
Apache Maven 3.9.6 (bc0240f3c744dd6b6ec2920b3cd08dcc295161ae)
Maven home: /opt/homebrew/Cellar/maven/3.9.6/libexec
Java version: 21.0.1, vendor: Homebrew, runtime: /opt/homebrew/Cellar/openjdk/21.0.1/libexec/openjdk.jdk/Contents/Home
Default locale: en_IN, platform encoding: UTF-8
OS name: "mac os x", version: "14.0", arch: "aarch64", family: "mac"输出的命令将表示系统中安装的 Maven 版本。
Step 3 - 安装 IntelliJ 编辑器来运行硒测试。目前市面上有许多编辑器，例如：Eclipse， IntelliJ ，Atom，等等。使用这些编辑器，我们可以开始一个项目来启动我们对硒的测试自动化。
Step 4 - IntelliJ 编辑器设置应已成功完成。
Step 5 − 将以下代码添加到 Main.java 文件中。
Example 1
package org.example;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// Initiate the Webdriver
WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();
// adding implicit wait of 15 secs
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// URL launch
driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/selenium_automation_practice.php");
// get browser title after browser launch
System.out.println("Browser title: " + driver.getTitle());
}
}在 pom.xml 文件中添加的依赖项：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0
http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>org.example</groupId>
<artifactId>SeleniumJava</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<properties>
<maven.compiler.source>16</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>16</maven.compiler.target>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>
<!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.seleniumhq.selenium/selenium-java -->
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.19.0</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>Step 6 - 运行测试并等待执行完成
Step 7 - Edge 浏览器已启动，我们已在控制台中获得了带有消息 Browser Title: Selenium Practice - Student Registration Form 和 Process finished with exit code 0 的输出，表示代码执行成功。
Browser title: Google
Process finished with exit code 0与此同时，Edge 浏览器在顶部启动，带有消息 Edge is being controlled by automated test software 。
Example 2
让我们再举一个例子，在这个例子中，我们将启动浏览器，打开一个 URL，获取浏览器标题，最后退出浏览器。
package org.example;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
public class MainBrowserQuit {
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// Initiate the Webdriver
WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();
// adding implicit wait of 15 secs
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(15, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
// URL launch and get the browser title
driver.get("https://www.tutorialspoint.com/selenium/practice/selenium_automation_practice.php");
System.out.println( "Browser title after launch: " + driver.getTitle());
// close browser
driver.quit();
}
}Browser title after launch: Selenium Practice - Student Registration Form
Process finished with exit code 0在上面的示例中，我们首先启动 Edge 浏览器，然后检索浏览器标题，然后退出浏览器，并在控制台中收到消息 Browser title after launch: Selenium Practice - Student Registration Form 。
最后，收到了消息 Process finished with exit code 0 ，表示代码成功执行。