Artificial Intelligence 简明教程

Artificial Intelligence - Overview

自从电脑或机器被发明以来，它们执行各种任务的能力呈指数增长。人类在不同的工作域、越来越快的速度和不断减小的体积方面发展了计算机系统的功能。

Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to time.

计算机科学的一个分支，名为人工智能，致力于创造出像人类一样聪明的计算机或机器。

A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

根据人工智能之父约翰·麦卡锡的说法，它就是“制造智能机器的科学与工程，特别是智能计算机程序”。

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

人工智能是一种 making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently 的方式，它以与人类聪明才智相似的思维方式进行。

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

人工智能是通过研究人脑的思考方式和人类在试图解决问题的过程中学习、决策和工作的来实现的，然后使用这项研究的结果作为开发智能软件和系统基础。

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

Philosophy of AI

在利用计算机系统功能的同时，人类的好奇心让他开始思考，“机器是否能像人类一样思考和行为？”

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”

因此，人工智能的开发始于在机器中创造出与我们在人类中发现和重视的类似智能的意图。

Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

Goals of AI

  1. To Create Expert Systems − The systems which exhibit intelligent behavior, learn, demonstrate, explain, and advice its users.

  2. To Implement Human Intelligence in Machines − Creating systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.

What Contributes to AI?

人工智能是一门基于计算机科学、生物学、心理学、语言学、数学和工程等学科的科学和技术。人工智能的一个主要推动力在于开发与人类智能相关的计算机功能，例如推理、学习和解决问题。

Artificial intelligence is a science and technology based on disciplines such as Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Engineering. A major thrust of AI is in the development of computer functions associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, learning, and problem solving.

在以下领域中，一个或多个领域有助于构建一个智能系统。

Out of the following areas, one or multiple areas can contribute to build an intelligent system.

components of ai

Programming Without and With AI

有无人工智能的编程在以下方面有所不同−

The programming without and with AI is different in following ways −

Programming Without AI

Programming With AI

A computer program without AI can answer the specific questions it is meant to solve.

A computer program with AI can answer the generic questions it is meant to solve.

Modification in the program leads to change in its structure.

AI programs can absorb new modifications by putting highly independent pieces of information together. Hence you can modify even a minute piece of information of program without affecting its structure.

Modification is not quick and easy. It may lead to affecting the program adversely.

Quick and Easy program modification.

What is AI Technique?

在现实世界中，知识有一些不受欢迎的属性：

In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −

  1. Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.

  2. It is not well-organized or well-formatted.

  3. It keeps changing constantly.

人工智能技术是一种高效组织和使用知识的方法，方法如下：

AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −

  1. It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.

  2. It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.

  3. It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

人工智能技术提高了其所配备的复杂程序的执行速度。

AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.

Applications of AI

人工智能在各个领域都占据主导地位，例如：

AI has been dominant in various fields such as −

  1. Gaming − AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.

  2. Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.

  3. Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.

  4. Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input on the computer. For example, A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial information or map of the areas. Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient. Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored portrait made by forensic artist.

  5. Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s noise due to cold, etc.

  6. Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters and convert it into editable text.

  7. Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature, movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.

History of AI

以下是人工智能在 20 世纪的历史：

Here is the history of AI during 20th century −

Year

Milestone / Innovation

1923

Karel Čapek play named “Rossum’s Universal Robots” (RUR) opens in London, first use of the word "robot" in English.

1943

Foundations for neural networks laid.

1945

Isaac Asimov, a Columbia University alumni, coined the term Robotics.

1950

Alan Turing introduced Turing Test for evaluation of intelligence and published Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Claude Shannon published Detailed Analysis of Chess Playing as a search.

1956

John McCarthy coined the term Artificial Intelligence. Demonstration of the first running AI program at Carnegie Mellon University.

1958

John McCarthy invents LISP programming language for AI.

1964

Danny Bobrow’s dissertation at MIT showed that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.

1965

Joseph Weizenbaum at MIT built ELIZA, an interactive problem that carries on a dialogue in English.

1969

Scientists at Stanford Research Institute Developed Shakey, a robot, equipped with locomotion, perception, and problem solving.

1973

The Assembly Robotics group at Edinburgh University built Freddy, the Famous Scottish Robot, capable of using vision to locate and assemble models.

1979

The first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle, Stanford Cart, was built.

1985

Harold Cohen created and demonstrated the drawing program, Aaron.

1990

Major advances in all areas of AI − Significant demonstrations in machine learningCase-based reasoningMulti-agent planningSchedulingData mining, Web Crawlernatural language understanding and translationVision, Virtual RealityGames

1997

The Deep Blue Chess Program beats the then world chess champion, Garry Kasparov.

2000

Interactive robot pets become commercially available. MIT displays Kismet, a robot with a face that expresses emotions. The robot Nomad explores remote regions of Antarctica and locates meteorites.