Hive 简明教程

Hive - Installation

Hive、Pig 和 HBase 等所有 Hadoop 子项目都支持 Linux 操作系统。因此，你需要安装任何 Linux 操作系统。对于 Hive 安装，执行以下简单步骤：

All Hadoop sub-projects such as Hive, Pig, and HBase support Linux operating system. Therefore, you need to install any Linux flavored OS. The following simple steps are executed for Hive installation:

Step 1: Verifying JAVA Installation

在安装 Hive 之前，必须在你的系统上安装 Java。让我们使用以下命令验证 Java 安装：

Java must be installed on your system before installing Hive. Let us verify java installation using the following command:

$ java –version

如果系统中已经安装了 Java，您将看到以下响应：

If Java is already installed on your system, you get to see the following response:

java version "1.7.0_71"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_71-b13)
Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 25.0-b02, mixed mode)

如果您的系统中未安装 java，请按照以下步骤安装 java。

If java is not installed in your system, then follow the steps given below for installing java.

Installing Java

Step I:

通过访问以下链接下载 java (JDK <最新版本> - X64.tar.gz) [role="bare"] [role="bare"]http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7-downloads-1880260.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7-downloads-1880260.html .

Download java (JDK <latest version> - X64.tar.gz) by visiting the following link [role="bare"]http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7-downloads-1880260.htmlhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk7-downloads-1880260.html.

然后系统将会下载 jdk-7u71-linux-x64.tar.gz。

Then jdk-7u71-linux-x64.tar.gz will be downloaded onto your system.

Step II:

通常，您将在下载文件夹中找到下载的 java 文件。使用以下命令对文件进行验证并提取 jdk-7u71-linux-x64.gz 文件。

Generally you will find the downloaded java file in the Downloads folder. Verify it and extract the jdk-7u71-linux-x64.gz file using the following commands.

$ cd Downloads/
$ ls
jdk-7u71-linux-x64.gz
$ tar zxf jdk-7u71-linux-x64.gz
$ ls
jdk1.7.0_71 jdk-7u71-linux-x64.gz

Step III:

为了让所有用户都可以使用 java，您必须将其移动到 “/usr/local/” 位置。打开 root，并键入以下命令。

To make java available to all the users, you have to move it to the location “/usr/local/”. Open root, and type the following commands.

$ su
password:
# mv jdk1.7.0_71 /usr/local/
# exit

Step IV:

为设置 PATH 和 JAVA_HOME 变量，将以下命令添加到 ~/.bashrc 文件中。

For setting up PATH and JAVA_HOME variables, add the following commands to ~/.bashrc file.

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk1.7.0_71
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin

现在将所有更改应用到当前正在运行的系统中。

Now apply all the changes into the current running system.

$ source ~/.bashrc

Step V:

使用以下命令配置 Java 替代项：

Use the following commands to configure java alternatives:

# alternatives --install /usr/bin/java/java/usr/local/java/bin/java 2

# alternatives --install /usr/bin/javac/javac/usr/local/java/bin/javac 2

# alternatives --install /usr/bin/jar/jar/usr/local/java/bin/jar 2

# alternatives --set java/usr/local/java/bin/java

# alternatives --set javac/usr/local/java/bin/javac

# alternatives --set jar/usr/local/java/bin/jar

现在，使用上述说明，通过终端运行 java -version 命令来验证安装。

Now verify the installation using the command java -version from the terminal as explained above.

Step 2: Verifying Hadoop Installation

在安装 Hive 之前，必须在系统上安装 Hadoop。让我们使用以下命令验证 Hadoop 安装：

Hadoop must be installed on your system before installing Hive. Let us verify the Hadoop installation using the following command:

$ hadoop version

如果系统中已经安装了 Hadoop，那么您将得到以下响应：

If Hadoop is already installed on your system, then you will get the following response:

Hadoop 2.4.1 Subversion https://svn.apache.org/repos/asf/hadoop/common -r 1529768
Compiled by hortonmu on 2013-10-07T06:28Z
Compiled with protoc 2.5.0
From source with checksum 79e53ce7994d1628b240f09af91e1af4

如果系统中没有安装 Hadoop，那么请执行以下步骤：

If Hadoop is not installed on your system, then proceed with the following steps:

Downloading Hadoop

使用以下命令从 Apache 软件基金会下载并解压缩 Hadoop 2.4.1。

Download and extract Hadoop 2.4.1 from Apache Software Foundation using the following commands.

$ su
password:
# cd /usr/local
# wget http://apache.claz.org/hadoop/common/hadoop-2.4.1/
hadoop-2.4.1.tar.gz
# tar xzf hadoop-2.4.1.tar.gz
# mv hadoop-2.4.1/* to hadoop/
# exit

Installing Hadoop in Pseudo Distributed Mode

以下步骤用于在伪分布模式下安装 Hadoop 2.4.1。

The following steps are used to install Hadoop 2.4.1 in pseudo distributed mode.

Step I: Setting up Hadoop

您可以通过将以下命令追加到 ~/.bashrc 文件来设置 Hadoop 环境变量。

You can set Hadoop environment variables by appending the following commands to ~/.bashrc file.

export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop
export HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_COMMON_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_HDFS_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export YARN_HOME=$HADOOP_HOME
export HADOOP_COMMON_LIB_NATIVE_DIR=$HADOOP_HOME/lib/native export
PATH=$PATH:$HADOOP_HOME/sbin:$HADOOP_HOME/bin

现在将所有更改应用到当前正在运行的系统中。

Now apply all the changes into the current running system.

$ source ~/.bashrc

Step II: Hadoop Configuration

您可以在位置 “$HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop” 中找到所有 Hadoop 配置文件。根据您的 Hadoop 基础架构，您需要在这些配置文件中进行适当的更改。

You can find all the Hadoop configuration files in the location “$HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop”. You need to make suitable changes in those configuration files according to your Hadoop infrastructure.

$ cd $HADOOP_HOME/etc/hadoop

为了使用 Java 开发 Hadoop 程序，您必须通过将 JAVA_HOME 值替换为您系统中 Java 的位置来在 hadoop-env.sh 文件中重置 Java 环境变量。

In order to develop Hadoop programs using java, you have to reset the java environment variables in hadoop-env.sh file by replacing JAVA_HOME value with the location of java in your system.

export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk1.7.0_71

下面列出了您必须编辑以配置 Hadoop 的文件列表。

Given below are the list of files that you have to edit to configure Hadoop.

core-site.xml

core-site.xml 文件包含信息，例如用于 Hadoop 实例的端口号、分配给文件系统内存、用于存储数据的内存限制以及读/写缓冲区大小。

The core-site.xml file contains information such as the port number used for Hadoop instance, memory allocated for the file system, memory limit for storing the data, and the size of Read/Write buffers.

打开 core-site.xml，并在 <configuration> 和 </configuration> 标记之间添加以下属性。

Open the core-site.xml and add the following properties in between the <configuration> and </configuration> tags.

<configuration>

   <property>
      <name>fs.default.name</name>
      <value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value>
   </property>

</configuration>

hdfs-site.xml

hdfs-site.xml 文件包含信息，例如，本地文件系统的复制数据的值、名称节点路径和数据节点路径。这意味着您要存储 Hadoop 基础设施的位置。

The hdfs-site.xml file contains information such as the value of replication data, the namenode path, and the datanode path of your local file systems. It means the place where you want to store the Hadoop infra.

让我们假设以下数据。

Let us assume the following data.

dfs.replication (data replication value) = 1

(In the following path /hadoop/ is the user name.
hadoopinfra/hdfs/namenode is the directory created by hdfs file system.)

namenode path = //home/hadoop/hadoopinfra/hdfs/namenode

(hadoopinfra/hdfs/datanode is the directory created by hdfs file system.)
datanode path = //home/hadoop/hadoopinfra/hdfs/datanode

打开此文件，并在此文件中在 <configuration>、</configuration> 标记之间添加以下属性。

Open this file and add the following properties in between the <configuration>, </configuration> tags in this file.

<configuration>

   <property>
      <name>dfs.replication</name>
      <value>1</value>
   </property>
   <property>
      <name>dfs.name.dir</name>
      <value>file:///home/hadoop/hadoopinfra/hdfs/namenode </value>
   </property>
   <property>
      <name>dfs.data.dir</name>
      <value>file:///home/hadoop/hadoopinfra/hdfs/datanode </value >
   </property>

</configuration>

Note: 在上述文件中，所有属性值都是用户定义的，可以根据 Hadoop 基础设施进行修改。

Note: In the above file, all the property values are user-defined and you can make changes according to your Hadoop infrastructure.

yarn-site.xml

此文件用于将 Yarn 配置到 Hadoop 中。打开 yarn-site.xml 文件并在该文件中的 <configuration>、</configuration> 标记之间添加以下属性。

This file is used to configure yarn into Hadoop. Open the yarn-site.xml file and add the following properties in between the <configuration>, </configuration> tags in this file.

<configuration>

   <property>
      <name>yarn.nodemanager.aux-services</name>
      <value>mapreduce_shuffle</value>
   </property>

</configuration>

mapred-site.xml

该文件用于指定我们使用的 MapReduce Framework。默认情况下，Hadoop 包含 yarn-site.xml 模板。首先，需要使用以下命令将文件从 mapred-site.xml.template 复制到 mapred-site.xml 文件。

This file is used to specify which MapReduce framework we are using. By default, Hadoop contains a template of yarn-site.xml. First of all, you need to copy the file from mapred-site,xml.template to mapred-site.xml file using the following command.

$ cp mapred-site.xml.template mapred-site.xml

打开 mapred-site.xml 文件，并在此文件中的 <configuration>、</configuration> 标记之间添加以下属性。

Open mapred-site.xml file and add the following properties in between the <configuration>, </configuration> tags in this file.

<configuration>

   <property>
      <name>mapreduce.framework.name</name>
      <value>yarn</value>
   </property>

</configuration>

Verifying Hadoop Installation

以下步骤用于验证 Hadoop 安装。

The following steps are used to verify the Hadoop installation.

Step I: Name Node Setup

使用命令 “hdfs namenode -format” 设置名称节点，如下所示。

Set up the namenode using the command “hdfs namenode -format” as follows.

$ cd ~
$ hdfs namenode -format

预期结果如下所示。

The expected result is as follows.

10/24/14 21:30:55 INFO namenode.NameNode: STARTUP_MSG:
/************************************************************
STARTUP_MSG: Starting NameNode
STARTUP_MSG: host = localhost/192.168.1.11
STARTUP_MSG: args = [-format]
STARTUP_MSG: version = 2.4.1
...
...
10/24/14 21:30:56 INFO common.Storage: Storage directory
/home/hadoop/hadoopinfra/hdfs/namenode has been successfully formatted.
10/24/14 21:30:56 INFO namenode.NNStorageRetentionManager: Going to
retain 1 images with txid >= 0
10/24/14 21:30:56 INFO util.ExitUtil: Exiting with status 0
10/24/14 21:30:56 INFO namenode.NameNode: SHUTDOWN_MSG:
/************************************************************
SHUTDOWN_MSG: Shutting down NameNode at localhost/192.168.1.11
 ************************************************************/

Step II: Verifying Hadoop dfs

以下命令用于启动 DFS。执行此命令将启动您的 Hadoop 文件系统。

The following command is used to start dfs. Executing this command will start your Hadoop file system.

$ start-dfs.sh

预期的输出如下：

The expected output is as follows:

10/24/14 21:37:56
Starting namenodes on [localhost]
localhost: starting namenode, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.4.1/logs/hadoop-hadoop-namenode-localhost.out
localhost: starting datanode, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.4.1/logs/hadoop-hadoop-datanode-localhost.out
Starting secondary namenodes [0.0.0.0]

Step III: Verifying Yarn Script

以下命令用于启动 Yarn 脚本。执行此命令将启动您的 Yarn 守护程序。

The following command is used to start the yarn script. Executing this command will start your yarn daemons.

$ start-yarn.sh

预期的输出如下：

The expected output is as follows:

starting yarn daemons
starting resourcemanager, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.4.1/logs/yarn-hadoop-resourcemanager-localhost.out
localhost: starting nodemanager, logging to /home/hadoop/hadoop-2.4.1/logs/yarn-hadoop-nodemanager-localhost.out

Step IV: Accessing Hadoop on Browser

访问 Hadoop 的默认端口号为 50070。使用以下 URL 在浏览器上获取 Hadoop 服务。

The default port number to access Hadoop is 50070. Use the following url to get Hadoop services on your browser.

http://localhost:50070/

Step V: Verify all applications for cluster

访问集群所有应用程序的默认端口号为 8088。使用以下网址访问此服务。

The default port number to access all applications of cluster is 8088. Use the following url to visit this service.

http://localhost:8088/

Step 3: Downloading Hive

在本教程中，我们使用 hive-0.14.0。您可以通过访问以下链接下载它 http://apache.petsads.us/hive/hive-0.14.0/. 假设它下载到了 /Downloads 目录。在本教程中，我们下载了名为“apache-hive-0.14.0-bin.tar.gz”的 Hive 归档。使用以下命令来验证下载：

We use hive-0.14.0 in this tutorial. You can download it by visiting the following link http://apache.petsads.us/hive/hive-0.14.0/. Let us assume it gets downloaded onto the /Downloads directory. Here, we download Hive archive named “apache-hive-0.14.0-bin.tar.gz” for this tutorial. The following command is used to verify the download:

$ cd Downloads
$ ls

在成功下载后，你可以看到以下响应：

On successful download, you get to see the following response:

apache-hive-0.14.0-bin.tar.gz

Step 4: Installing Hive

需要执行以下步骤来在系统上安装 Hive。假设 Hive 归档下载到了 /Downloads 目录。

The following steps are required for installing Hive on your system. Let us assume the Hive archive is downloaded onto the /Downloads directory.

Extracting and verifying Hive Archive

以下命令用于验证下载并提取 hive 归档：

The following command is used to verify the download and extract the hive archive:

$ tar zxvf apache-hive-0.14.0-bin.tar.gz
$ ls

在成功下载后，你可以看到以下响应：

On successful download, you get to see the following response:

apache-hive-0.14.0-bin apache-hive-0.14.0-bin.tar.gz

Copying files to /usr/local/hive directory

我们需要从超级用户“su -”复制文件。以下命令用于将文件从提取目录复制到 /usr/local/hive”目录。

We need to copy the files from the super user “su -”. The following commands are used to copy the files from the extracted directory to the /usr/local/hive” directory.

$ su -
passwd:

# cd /home/user/Download
# mv apache-hive-0.14.0-bin /usr/local/hive
# exit

Setting up environment for Hive

您可以添加以下行到 ~/.bashrc 文件以设置 Hive 环境：

You can set up the Hive environment by appending the following lines to ~/.bashrc file:

export HIVE_HOME=/usr/local/hive
export PATH=$PATH:$HIVE_HOME/bin
export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/usr/local/Hadoop/lib/*:.
export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:/usr/local/hive/lib/*:.

使用以下命令执行 ~/.bashrc 文件。

The following command is used to execute ~/.bashrc file.

$ source ~/.bashrc

Step 5: Configuring Hive

要使用 Hadoop 配置 Hive，您需要编辑 hive-env.sh 文件，它保存在 $HIVE_HOME/conf 目录中。以下命令重定向到 Hive config 文件夹并复制模板文件：

To configure Hive with Hadoop, you need to edit the hive-env.sh file, which is placed in the $HIVE_HOME/conf directory. The following commands redirect to Hive config folder and copy the template file:

$ cd $HIVE_HOME/conf
$ cp hive-env.sh.template hive-env.sh

通过添加以下行编辑 hive-env.sh 文件：

Edit the hive-env.sh file by appending the following line:

export HADOOP_HOME=/usr/local/hadoop

完成 Hive 安装。现在，您需要一个外部数据库服务器来配置 Metastore。我们使用 Apache Derby 数据库。

Hive installation is completed successfully. Now you require an external database server to configure Metastore. We use Apache Derby database.

Step 6: Downloading and Installing Apache Derby

执行以下步骤下载并安装 Apache Derby：

Follow the steps given below to download and install Apache Derby:

Downloading Apache Derby

使用以下命令下载 Apache Derby。下载需要一些时间。

The following command is used to download Apache Derby. It takes some time to download.

$ cd ~
$ wget http://archive.apache.org/dist/db/derby/db-derby-10.4.2.0/db-derby-10.4.2.0-bin.tar.gz

使用以下命令验证下载：

The following command is used to verify the download:

$ ls

在成功下载后，你可以看到以下响应：

On successful download, you get to see the following response:

db-derby-10.4.2.0-bin.tar.gz

Extracting and verifying Derby archive

使用以下命令解压并验证 Derby 存档：

The following commands are used for extracting and verifying the Derby archive:

$ tar zxvf db-derby-10.4.2.0-bin.tar.gz
$ ls

在成功下载后，你可以看到以下响应：

On successful download, you get to see the following response:

db-derby-10.4.2.0-bin db-derby-10.4.2.0-bin.tar.gz

Copying files to /usr/local/derby directory

我们需要从超级用户“su -”进行复制。使用以下命令从解压后的目录复制文件到 /usr/local/derby 目录：

We need to copy from the super user “su -”. The following commands are used to copy the files from the extracted directory to the /usr/local/derby directory:

$ su -
passwd:
# cd /home/user
# mv db-derby-10.4.2.0-bin /usr/local/derby
# exit

Setting up environment for Derby

您可以添加以下行到 ~/.bashrc 文件以设置 Derby 环境：

You can set up the Derby environment by appending the following lines to ~/.bashrc file:

export DERBY_HOME=/usr/local/derby
export PATH=$PATH:$DERBY_HOME/bin
Apache Hive
18
export CLASSPATH=$CLASSPATH:$DERBY_HOME/lib/derby.jar:$DERBY_HOME/lib/derbytools.jar

使用以下命令执行 ~/.bashrc 文件：

The following command is used to execute ~/.bashrc file:

$ source ~/.bashrc

Create a directory to store Metastore

在 $DERBY_HOME 目录中创建一个名为 data 的目录，用于存储 Metastore 数据。

Create a directory named data in $DERBY_HOME directory to store Metastore data.

$ mkdir $DERBY_HOME/data

Derby 安装和环境设置已完成。

Derby installation and environmental setup is now complete.

Step 7: Configuring Metastore of Hive

配置 Metastore 意味着向 Hive 指定数据库的存储位置。通过编辑 hive-site.xml 文件进行操作，该文件位于 $HIVE_HOME/conf 目录中。首先，使用以下命令复制模板文件：

Configuring Metastore means specifying to Hive where the database is stored. You can do this by editing the hive-site.xml file, which is in the $HIVE_HOME/conf directory. First of all, copy the template file using the following command:

$ cd $HIVE_HOME/conf
$ cp hive-default.xml.template hive-site.xml

编辑 hive-site.xml ，并在 <configuration> 和 </configuration> 标记之间添加以下行：

Edit hive-site.xml and append the following lines between the <configuration> and </configuration> tags:

<property>
   <name>javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL</name>
   <value>jdbc:derby://localhost:1527/metastore_db;create=true </value>
   <description>JDBC connect string for a JDBC metastore </description>
</property>

创建一个名为 jpox.properties 的文件，并添加以下行：

Create a file named jpox.properties and add the following lines into it:

javax.jdo.PersistenceManagerFactoryClass =

org.jpox.PersistenceManagerFactoryImpl
org.jpox.autoCreateSchema = false
org.jpox.validateTables = false
org.jpox.validateColumns = false
org.jpox.validateConstraints = false
org.jpox.storeManagerType = rdbms
org.jpox.autoCreateSchema = true
org.jpox.autoStartMechanismMode = checked
org.jpox.transactionIsolation = read_committed
javax.jdo.option.DetachAllOnCommit = true
javax.jdo.option.NontransactionalRead = true
javax.jdo.option.ConnectionDriverName = org.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDriver
javax.jdo.option.ConnectionURL = jdbc:derby://hadoop1:1527/metastore_db;create = true
javax.jdo.option.ConnectionUserName = APP
javax.jdo.option.ConnectionPassword = mine

Step 8: Verifying Hive Installation

在运行 Hive 之前，您需要在 HDFS 中创建 /tmp 文件夹和一个单独的 Hive 文件夹。此处，我们使用 /user/hive/warehouse 文件夹。需要设置以下新建文件夹的写入权限，如下所示：

Before running Hive, you need to create the /tmp folder and a separate Hive folder in HDFS. Here, we use the /user/hive/warehouse folder. You need to set write permission for these newly created folders as shown below:

chmod g+w

现在，在验证 Hive 之前在 HDFS 中设置它们。使用以下命令：

Now set them in HDFS before verifying Hive. Use the following commands:

$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs -mkdir /tmp
$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs -mkdir /user/hive/warehouse
$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs -chmod g+w /tmp
$ $HADOOP_HOME/bin/hadoop fs -chmod g+w /user/hive/warehouse

使用以下命令验证 Hive 安装：

The following commands are used to verify Hive installation:

$ cd $HIVE_HOME
$ bin/hive

在成功安装 Hive 后，您将看到以下响应：

On successful installation of Hive, you get to see the following response:

Logging initialized using configuration in jar:file:/home/hadoop/hive-0.9.0/lib/hive-common-0.9.0.jar!/hive-log4j.properties
Hive history file=/tmp/hadoop/hive_job_log_hadoop_201312121621_1494929084.txt
………………….
hive>

执行以下示例命令以显示所有表格：

The following sample command is executed to display all the tables:

hive> show tables;
OK
Time taken: 2.798 seconds
hive>