Human Computer Interface 简明教程

Design Process & Task Analysis

HCI Design

HCI 设计被认为是一个解决问题的过程，它具有计划使用、目标区域、资源、成本和可行性等组成部分。它决定了产品相似性的要求以平衡取舍。

HCI design is considered as a problem solving process that has components like planned usage, target area, resources, cost, and viability. It decides on the requirement of product similarities to balance trade-offs.

以下几点是交互式设计的基本活动 −

The following points are the four basic activities of interaction design −

  1. Identifying requirements

  2. Building alternative designs

  3. Developing interactive versions of the designs

  4. Evaluating designs

以用户为中心的方法的三个原则 −

Three principles for user-centered approach are −

  1. Early focus on users and tasks

  2. Empirical Measurement

  3. Iterative Design

Design Methodologies

自创立以来，出现了各种方法论，它们概述了人机交互的技术。以下是一些设计方法论 −

Various methodologies have materialized since the inception that outline the techniques for human–computer interaction. Following are few design methodologies −

  1. Activity Theory − This is an HCI method that describes the framework where the human-computer interactions take place. Activity theory provides reasoning, analytical tools and interaction designs.

  2. User-Centered Design − It provides users the center-stage in designing where they get the opportunity to work with designers and technical practitioners.

  3. Principles of User Interface Design − Tolerance, simplicity, visibility, affordance, consistency, structure and feedback are the seven principles used in interface designing.

  4. Value Sensitive Design − This method is used for developing technology and includes three types of studies − conceptual, empirical and technical. Conceptual investigations works towards understanding the values of the investors who use technology. Empirical investigations are qualitative or quantitative design research studies that shows the designer’s understanding of the users’ values. Technical investigations contain the use of technologies and designs in the conceptual and empirical investigations.

Participatory Design

参与式设计过程涉及设计过程中的所有利益相关者，以便最终结果满足他们渴望的需求。这种设计用于软件设计、建筑、景观建筑、产品设计、可持续性、平面设计、规划、城市设计甚至医学等各个领域。

Participatory design process involves all stakeholders in the design process, so that the end result meets the needs they are desiring. This design is used in various areas such as software design, architecture, landscape architecture, product design, sustainability, graphic design, planning, urban design, and even medicine.

参与式设计不是一种风格，而是专注于设计的过程和程序。它被视为一种由设计者取消设计问责制和起源的方法。

Participatory design is not a style, but focus on processes and procedures of designing. It is seen as a way of removing design accountability and origination by designers.

Task Analysis

任务分析在用户需求分析中起着重要作用。

Task Analysis plays an important part in User Requirements Analysis.

task analysis

任务分析是了解用户和抽象框架、工作流中使用的模式以及与 GUI 交互的按时间顺序实施的过程。它分析用户划分任务和对任务进行排序的方式。

Task analysis is the procedure to learn the users and abstract frameworks, the patterns used in workflows, and the chronological implementation of interaction with the GUI. It analyzes the ways in which the user partitions the tasks and sequence them.

What is a TASK?

为有用的目标做出的有助于系统的操作就是任务。任务分析定义了用户的行为，而不是计算机的行为。

Human actions that contributes to a useful objective, aiming at the system, is a task. Task analysis defines performance of users, not computers.

Hierarchical Task Analysis

分层任务分析是一种将任务分解成可用逻辑执行顺序来进行分析的子任务的程序。这有助于以最佳方式实现目标。

Hierarchical Task Analysis is the procedure of disintegrating tasks into subtasks that could be analyzed using the logical sequence for execution. This would help in achieving the goal in the best possible way.

Techniques for Analysis

  1. Task decomposition − Splitting tasks into sub-tasks and in sequence.

  2. Knowledge-based techniques − Any instructions that users need to know.

“用户”始终是任务的起点。

‘User’ is always the beginning point for a task.

  1. Ethnography − Observation of users’ behavior in the use context.

  2. Protocol analysis − Observation and documentation of actions of the user. This is achieved by authenticating the user’s thinking. The user is made to think aloud so that the user’s mental logic can be understood.

Engineering Task Models

与分层任务分析不同的是，工程任务模型可以正式指定，而且用途更广。

Unlike Hierarchical Task Analysis, Engineering Task Models can be specified formally and are more useful.

Characteristics of Engineering Task Models

  1. Engineering task models have flexible notations, which describes the possible activities clearly.

  2. They have organized approaches to support the requirement, analysis, and use of task models in the design.

  3. They support the recycle of in-condition design solutions to problems that happen throughout applications.

  4. Finally, they let the automatic tools accessible to support the different phases of the design cycle.

ConcurTaskTree (CTT)

CTT 是一种用于对任务进行建模的工程方法，它由任务和操作员组成。CTT 中的操作员用于描述任务之间的顺序关联。以下是 CTT 的主要特征：

CTT is an engineering methodology used for modeling a task and consists of tasks and operators. Operators in CTT are used to portray chronological associations between tasks. Following are the key features of a CTT −

  1. Focus on actions that users wish to accomplish.

  2. Hierarchical structure.

  3. Graphical syntax.

  4. Rich set of sequential operators.