Ubuntu 简明教程
Ubuntu - Environment
我们需要确保拥有正确的硬件规范才能安装 Ubuntu。
We need to ensure we have the right hardware specifications in order to have Ubuntu installed.
System Requirements
在继续安装之前，请确保满足以下系统要求。
Ensure the following system requirements are met before proceeding with the installation.
Memory |
2GB RAM (recommended) |
Disk Space |
25GB of free hard disk space |
Processor |
2 GHz dual core processor or better |
Other requirements |
An optional DVD drive or USB drive with the Installer media. An internet connection to download the optional updates. |
Downloading Ubuntu
Step 1 - 要下载 Ubuntu，请访问以下网址 - https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
Step 1 − To download Ubuntu, go to the following url − https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
Step 2 - 在此页面上，如果需要，可以下载旧版本的 Ubuntu。单击备用下载和种子链接。
Step 2 − On this page, there is an option to download the older versions of Ubuntu if required. Click the Alternative downloads and torrents link.
Step 3 - 转到旧版本链接。然后会显示一个页面，其中包含 Ubuntu 软件的所有旧版本。
Step 3 − Go to Past releases link. It then presents a page with all the past releases of the Ubuntu software.
Installing Ubuntu
我们先来了解如何安装 Ubuntu 桌面版本。本教程将使用最新版本 16.04。安装程序是 ISO 映像，可以挂载到 DVD 驱动器或 USB 闪存盘。在计算机上启动映像后，以下是如何安装的步骤：
Now let’s learn about installing the desktop version of Ubuntu. For the purpose of this tutorial, we will go with the latest version which is 16.04. The installer is a ISO image which can be mounted on a DVD drive or USB stick. Once the image is booted on the machine, following are the steps for installation.
Step 1 - 第一个屏幕允许我们安装或试用 Ubuntu。试用选项允许我们在不安装的情况下查看 Ubuntu 的功能。不过，我们希望使用 Ubuntu，因此让我们选择“安装 Ubuntu”选项。
Step 1 − The first screen allows us to either install or try out Ubuntu. The try out option allows us to see the features of Ubuntu without actually installing it. However, we want to use Ubuntu, so let’s choose the Install Ubuntu option.
Step 2 - 下一个屏幕提供 2 个选项。一个是安装时在后台下载更新，另一个是安装第三方软件。勾选安装第三方软件的选项。然后，单击“继续”按钮。
Step 2 − The next screen gives you 2 options. One is to download updates in the background while installing and the other is to install 3rd party software. Check the option to install 3rd party software. Then click the Continue button.
Step 3 - 在下一个屏幕中，提供以下选项：
Step 3 − In the next screen, the following options are presented −
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The disk is erased and the installation is carried out. If there was another operating system already on the disk, then Ubuntu would detect it and give the user the option to install the operating system side by side.
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There is an option to encrypt the installation. This is so that if anybody else were to steal the data, they would not be able to decrypt the data.
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Finally, Linux offers a facility called LVM, which can be used for taking snapshots of the disk.
现在，为了使安装过程更简单，让我们保持这些选项处于未选中状态，并单击“立即安装”按钮继续安装。
For the moment, to make the installation simple, let’s keep the options unchecked and proceed with the installation by clicking the Install Now button.
Step 4 - 在以下屏幕中，系统将提示我们是否要擦除磁盘。单击“继续”按钮继续。
Step 4 − In the following screen, we will be prompted if we want to erase the disk. Click the Continue button to proceed.
Step 5 - 在此屏幕中，系统将要求我们确认位置。单击“继续”按钮继续。
Step 5 − In this screen, we will be asked to confirm our location. Click the Continue button to proceed.
Step 6 - 现在，系统将要求我们确认语言和键盘设置。让我们选择英语（英国）作为首选设置。
Step 6 − Now, we will be asked to confirm the language and the keyboard settings. Let us select English (UK) as the preferred settings.
Step 7 - 在以下屏幕中，我们需要输入用于登录系统的用户名、计算机名和密码。如以下屏幕截图所示填写必要的详细信息。然后，单击“继续”按钮继续。
Step 7 − In the following screen, we will need to enter the user name, computer name and password which will be used to log into the system. Fill the necessary details as shown in the following screenshot. Then, click the continue button to proceed.
系统现在将继续安装，并且我们将在以下屏幕截图中看到安装进度。
The system will now proceed with the installation and we will see the progress of the installation as shown in the following screenshot.
安装完成后，系统将提示重启。
At the end of the installation, the system will prompt for a restart.
Step 8 - 单击“立即重启”继续。
Step 8 − Click the Restart Now to proceed.
重启完成后，使用用户名和密码登录。
Once the restart is complete, log in with the username and password.
登录后，将显示桌面，如下图所示。
Once logged in, the desktop is presented as shown in the following screenshot.
我们现在有了 Ubuntu 的完全功能版本。在后续章节中，我们将了解各种可用功能。
We now have a fully functional version of Ubuntu. In the subsequent chapters, we will look at the various features available.
在继续后续章节之前，让我们快速浏览一下 Ubuntu 环境。
Let us take a quick look at the Ubuntu environment before we proceed ahead with the remaining chapters.
The Control Panel
屏幕左侧的控制面板为所有最常使用的应用程序提供了快捷方式。使用这些选项，我们可以启动 LibreOffice 组件、Firefox 浏览器、软件中心以及许多其他应用程序。
The Control Panel on the left-hand side of the screen presents shortcuts for all of the most used applications. Using these options, we can launch the LibreOffice component, the Firefox browser, the Software Center and many other applications.
The Menu Bar
当我们启动任何应用程序时，我们将在应用程序顶部获取关联的菜单栏，其中将包含该应用程序的不同菜单选项。如果需要，我们可以选择关闭整个窗口或调整窗口大小。
When we launch any application, we will get the associated menu bar at the top of the application, which will have the different menu options for that application. We can choose to close the entire window or resize the window, if required.
Taskbar
屏幕右侧是任务栏。任务栏允许我们选择更改音量设置、查看互联网连接的状态、更改语言和其他设置以及在笔记本电脑上工作时查看电池状态。
On the right-hand side of the screen is the task bar. The taskbar allows us to choose the change in volume settings, view the status of your internet connect, change your language and other settings, and view the battery status while working on a laptop.
