Design Thinking 简明教程

Design Thinking - Attributes

设计思维是对各种属性的广泛研究，如原理、方法和过程、挑战等。让我们来看看设计思维的属性。

Design thinking is an extensive study of various attributes, like principles, methods and processes, challenges etc. Let’s have a look at the attributes of design thinking.

The Principles of Design Thinking

据克里斯托夫·梅内尔和拉里·莱弗称，设计思维有四项原则。

According to Christoph Meinel and Larry Leifer, there are four principles to design thinking.

  1. The Human Rule − This rule states that all kinds of design activity are ultimately social in nature.

  2. The Ambiguity Rule − This rule requires all design thinkers to preserve ambiguity in the process design thinking.

  3. The Re-design Rule − The re-design rule states that all designs are basically examples of re-design.

  4. The Tangibility Rule − The tangibility rule states that making ideas tangible always facilitates communication between design thinkers.

这四项原则构成了设计思维过程的基础。设计思维者需要根据这些原则形成自己的想法并提出想法。

These four principles form the foundation of the design thinking process. A design thinker needs to form his ideas and put them forward based on these principles.

The Challenges

下一个属性称为 ‘wicked problems’ 。这些是设计思维者面临的挑战。设计思维帮助几乎所有职业的设计师解决这些棘手的问题。这些挑战应该是不明确或棘手的。

The next attribute is called as the ‘wicked problems’. These are the challenges that are faced by the design thinkers. Design thinking helps the designers in almost all professions to tackle these wicked problems. These challenges are supposed to be ill-defined or tricky.

Horst Rittel 是第一个用“邪恶问题”一词来指代此类问题的人。在定义不清的问题中，问题陈述和解决方案在设计思考练习开始时都是未知的。在明确定义的问题中，至少问题陈述是明确的，并且可以通过技术知识获得解决方案。

Horst Rittel was the first person to refer to such problems with the word ‘wicked problems’. In the case of ill-defined problems, the problem statement and the solution are both unknown at the beginning of the design thinking exercise. In well-defined problems, at least the problem statement is clear and the solution is available through technical knowledge.

在邪恶的问题中，设计思想家可能对问题有一个大致的了解，但大量的时间和精力都花在需求分析上。需求收集、问题定义和问题形成是设计思考的这一方面的组成部分。

In wicked problems, the design thinker may have a general idea of the problem, but significant amount of time and effort goes into requirement analysis. Requirement gathering, problem definition, and problem shaping are major parts of this aspect of design thinking.

The Aha-Moment

一旦设计思想家花大量时间找到解决方案，就会出现一个时刻，思想家突然发现自己扫清了所有障碍。这是解决方案或一个好主意浮现在思想家脑海中的时刻。阿哈时刻是发散思维和收敛思维、分析、问题定义和形成、需求分析以及问题性质的结果全部汇聚在一起来达成 best resolution is captured 的时候。

Once the design thinker has spent considerable amount of time in finding a solution, there occurs a moment when the thinker suddenly finds his way clear of all obstructions. This is the moment when the solution or a bright idea strikes the thinker’s mind. The aha-moment is the time when the results of convergent thinking and divergent thinking, analysis, problem definition and shaping, requirements analysis and the nature of the problem all come together and the best resolution is captured.

在阿哈时刻，设计思考的过程开始变得清晰，而在此之前它实际上看起来模糊且单向。解决问题的重点在此时刻后变得清晰，最终产品或最终解决方案此后构成。

At the aha-moment, the process of design thinking begins to appear clear, which actually appears hazy and unidirectional before the moment. The focus on the solution grows clear after this moment and the final product or the final solution is constructed hereafter.

Design Methods

每个设计学科都使用一组特定的技术、规则和方法。这些被称为设计方法。方法包括诸如访谈、创建用户画像、搜索世界上其他可用的解决方案、创建思维导图、创建用于解决问题的原型以及询问诸如五个为什么的问题。

Every design discipline makes use of a set of specific techniques, rules, and ways of doing things. These are called design methods. The methods include tasks like interviewing, creating user profiles, searching for other available solutions in the world, creating mind maps, creating prototypes for solving a problem and asking for answers to questions like five whys.

‘five whys’ 是一种迭代询问技术，用于探索特定问题背后的因果关系。此技术通过重复问题“为什么？”来帮助确定任何问题的根本原因。每个问题都构成下一个问题的基础。此技术由丰田佐吉开发。这有助于找到设计师面临的许多问题的根本原因。五个为什么技术用于根本原因分析。

The ‘five whys’ is an iterative interrogative technique, which is used to explore the causeand-effect relationships underlying a particular problem. The technique helps to determine the root cause of any problem by repeating the question ‘Why?’ Each question forms the basis of the next question. This technique is developed by Sakichi Toyoda. This helps to find the root cause of many problems faced by designers. Five whys technique is used for root cause analysis.

The Five-step Process of Design Thinking

设计思维过程或方法共有五个步骤需要遵循。该过程始于对客户或最终用户的问题感同身受。然后，该过程转向使用发散思维对解决方案进行构思。在经过收敛思维后开发原型，然后设计思想家求助于测试原型。我们将在本教程的后续章节中详细了解这些步骤。

The design thinking process or method has five steps in all to be followed. The process starts with empathizing with the problem of the customer or the end-user. The process then moves to ideate on solutions using divergent thinking. The prototype is developed after convergent thinking and then the design thinkers resort to testing the prototype. We will learn more about each of these steps in the subsequent chapters of this tutorial.

Use of Analogies

对于设计思想家来说，即使在包含模糊关系的定义不清问题中找到逻辑也很重要。这个问题可以使用类比来解决。 Visual thinking 可以通过关联不同的内部表征（例如图像）来帮助理解情况中定义不清的元素。

It is imperative for a design thinker to find logic even in ill-defined problems that contain obscure relationships. This issue can be addressed using analogies. Visual thinking can help by correlating different internal representations, such as images, to develop an understanding of ill-defined elements of a situation.