Design Thinking 简明教程

Design Thinking - Divergent

设计思维涉及两种类型的思维，即 convergent thinking 和 divergent thinking 。人们需要针对一个共同的问题陈述想出许多解决方案，然后得出正确且最佳的解决方案。

Design thinking involves two types of thinking, viz. convergent thinking and divergent thinking. One needs to think of many solutions to a common problem statement and then arrive at the correct and the best solution.

发散思维是在解决某个问题时，想出不止一个解决方案的过程。它指创造性解决方案的思考过程。主要的 features of divergent thinking 是：

Divergent thinking is the process of devising more than one solution for a problem statement. It refers to the thought process of generating creative solutions. The main features of divergent thinking are −

  1. It is a free flowing chain of ideas.

  2. It happens in a non-linear manner, i.e. it does not follow any particular sequence of thinking. Moreover, multiple ideas can emerge at the same time, rather than one idea coming up only after the other has occurred.

  3. Non-linearity also means that multiple solutions are thought of and explored at the same time. This happens in a very short amount of time and unexpected connections are developed between the ideas.

为设计思维者提供了一个刺激，这促使思维者创造性地阐述想法。

A stimulus is provided to the design thinker and that prompts creative elaboration of ideas by the thinker.

发散思维被认为会增强思维者的创造力。术语“发散思维”最早是由 J. P. Guilford 于 1956 年创造的。创造力的自由联想理论认为，概念在大脑中通过语义网络连接。心理学家声称，个人的创造力水平的差异取决于人类头脑中概念的语义网络类型。以下 two types of connections ：

Divergent thinking is supposed to enhance creativity of thinkers. The term ‘Divergent Thinking’ was first coined by J. P. Guilford in 1956. The Free Association Theory of Creativity says that concepts are connected inside our brains as semantic networks. Psychologists have claimed that the difference in creativity levels of people is dependent on the type of semantic networks of concepts inside the human mind. Following are the two types of connections −

  1. Flat

  2. Steep

具有扁平网络的设计思维者是那些有许多松散概念连接的人。他们更有创造力。具有陡峭网络的人更具逻辑性，因为节点之间的关联是线性的。由于发散思维以非线性的方式进行，因此具有扁平联想网络的人在发散思维中会更成功。

The design thinkers with flat networks are those with numerous loose conceptual connections. They are more creative. The people with steep networks are more logical, because of the linear associations between the nodes. Because divergent thinking proceeds in a non-linear fashion, a person with flat associative network will be more successful in divergent thinking.

在进行设计思维练习之前，一个人必须找出自己是哪种类型的思考者。如果一个人能够想出不同的解决方案，而没有预先确定的解决方案，那么这个人就是一个发散思维者。让我们来看看一个发散思维练习。

Before getting into the exercise of design thinking, a person has to find out what type of thinker the person is. If a person can think of diverse solutions, without any pre-determined set of solutions, then the person is a divergent thinker. Let’s take a look at an exercise on divergent thinking.

Case Study

Problem Statement - 知识转移过程对组织来说是一个大问题。让我们将我们的组织称为“DT”。DT 想要消除为新员工转移知识而付出额外资金和时间的开销。手头的问题陈述是“知识转移增加了公司的成本”。让我们想办法消除或至少降低公司的成本。

Problem Statement − The process of knowledge transfer is a huge problem for the organization. Let’s call our organization ‘DT’. DT wants to eliminate the overhead of shelling out extra money and investing time for transferring knowledge to its new employees. The problem statement at hand is “Knowledge transfer adds to the cost of the company”. Let’s think of ways to eliminate or at least, reduce the cost to the company.

Solution - 以下可能是一些可能的甚至不太可能的解决方案。

Solution − Following can be some of the possible and even not-so-possible solutions.

  1. DT can eliminate the process of knowledge transfer.

  2. DT can conduct classroom sessions for knowledge transfer, where a large number of new employees can be seated and just one instructor can deliver sessions to many employees at once. This will reduce the cost as the number of paid instructors required will be less.

  3. DT can come up with a document for knowledge transfer and can mail it to every new employee. The employees can go through the document and hence, can selfhelp for knowledge transfer.

  4. DT can ask the employees to search for material online to gain knowledge of new tools and processes, which are currently in use in the industry.

  5. DT can hire only those employees who have adequate knowhow of tools and techniques that DT works on. This will eliminate the need of knowledge transfer.

你可能还有许多其他解决方案。把它们写在纸上。在这里，我们不会关注解决方案是否可能、可行或可行的。我们只需要提出想法，不管它们听起来多么荒谬。这就是发散思维的过程，思考者可以自由地向任何方向移动或流动。

There may be many other solutions that may come to your mind. Write them down on a sheet of paper. Here, we won’t focus on whether a solution is possible, feasible or viable. We just need to bring ideas to the table, no matter how absurd they may sound. This is called the process of divergent thinking, where a thinker is free to move or flow in any direction.