Design Thinking 简明教程

Design Thinking - Quick Guide

Design Thinking - Introduction

设计思维是一种设计人员用来集思广益并解决与设计和设计工程相关的复杂问题的方法。它还有助于设计人员为客户找到创新、令人向往且前所未有的解决方案。

Design thinking is a methodology that designers use to brainstorm and solve complex problems related to designing and design engineering. It is also beneficial for designers to find innovative, desirable and never-thought-before solutions for customers and clients.

设计思维广泛用于医疗保健和健康、农业、粮食安全、教育、金融服务和环境可持续性等领域。设计思维有助于数字空间，促进了实体产品的开发，推动了社会创新项目等。

Design thinking is used extensively in the area of healthcare and wellness, agriculture, food security, education, financial services, and environmental sustainability, to name a few.Design thinking has helped in the digital space, contributed to the development of physical products, spurred social innovation projects and much more.

iterative design process 帮助设计者以有意义的方式让客户参与进来。它不仅是一种提出解决问题可行解决方案的策略，还是一种 think of unimaginable solutions 然后尝试 make them not just feasible, but also viable 的方法。

The iterative design process helps the designers to involve clients and customers in meaningful ways. It is not just a strategy to come up with feasible solutions to a problem, but also a method to think of unimaginable solutions and then trying to make them not just feasible, but also viable.

设计思维旨在提出有望解决客户问题、且具有理想结果的想法。它有助于将创造力与商业见解相结合。

Design thinking is a blend of logic, powerful imagination, systematic reasoning and intuition to bring to the table the ideas that promise to solve the problems of the clients with desirable outcomes. It helps to bring creativity with business insights.

Origin of Design Thinking

设计思维是一种源自斯坦福大学的设计方法，如今被认为是行业中最抢手的技能之一。设计思维的概念最初仅关注几个领域，但现在已发现可应用于许多学科，从医学和航空到管理、运营和人力资源规划。

It is a methodology of design that originated in Stanford University and is today considered to be one of the most sought after skills in the industry. The concept of design thinking began only with a few domains under consideration, but is now found to be applicable to a myriad of disciplines, ranging from medicine and aeronautics to management, operations, and human resource planning.

设计思维技能的教学和习得已变得如此重要，它现在在全球一些领先大学以及全球领先的跨国公司中教授。

The teaching and acquisition of design thinking skills has assumed so much importance that it is now being taught at some of the leading universities of the world, as well as the leading global corporate houses across the globe.

印度第二大 IT 服务公司 Infosys Ltd.，提供业务咨询、信息技术和软件工程服务，也已将设计思维作为其每位员工必须掌握的一项技能。

Infosys Ltd., India’s second largest IT-based company providing business consulting, information technology and software engineering services, has also made design thinking a mandatory skill to be acquired by each of its employee.

美国斯坦福大学和德国波茨坦大学也大力提倡设计思维，称其是专业人士最有用的一项技能。

Stanford University in the United States and the University of Potsdam in Germany have also promoted design thinking, citing it as one of the most useful skills for professionals.

Application Across Professions

随着大型实体对设计思维的大力支持和鼓励，不难理解设计思维在不久的将来对各种职业的重要性。设计思维是一种以设计产品为基础，通过解决客户面临的问题来满足客户需求的方法。设计思维是制定有效的组织变革策略的核心。

In the wake of such support and encouragement for design thinking by big entities, it is easy to understand the significance and influence that design thinking will assume in the near future for all sorts of professions. Design thinking is a methodology for finding simplicity in complexity, improving quality of experience with the designed products and serving the needs of customers by addressing the target problem faced by them. Design thinking is at the core of the development of efficient and effective strategies for organizational change.

设计思维是一个过程，其中每个步骤都侧重于一个特定的目标。每个步骤都独立于下一个步骤，但又源于前一个步骤。设计思维者在进行某一步骤时，不应该考虑后续步骤。

Design thinking is a five-step process, where each step focuses on a specific goal. Each of the steps is independent of the next step but is borne out of the previous step. Design thinkers are expected not to think of the following steps when working on one step.

例如，不建议在定义问题时思考解决方案。问题定义必须详细地写出来，不遗漏任何要点，即使这会让解决方案的寻找变得困难。在本教程中，我们将了解设计思维的重要性、其对策略发展的影响，然后我们将探讨设计思维的每个步骤。

For example, it is not recommended to think of solutions, when the problem is being defined. The problem definition must be written in detail without missing any point, even if it makes finding a solution difficult. In this tutorial, we will understand the importance of design thinking, its impact of strategy development and we will then explore each of the steps of design thinking.

Design Thinking - Definition

在科学中以简化的方式使用设计作为解决复杂问题的方法的想法源于赫伯特·A·西蒙在 1969 年撰写的《人工科学》一书。罗伯特·麦克金在 1973 年撰写的《视觉思维体验》一书为设计工程实现了同样的目的。

The idea of using design as a way of solving complex problems in a simplified manner in sciences originated in the book, ‘The Sciences of the Artificial’, authored by Herbert A.Simon in 1969. The same purpose was achieved for design engineering by the book ‘Experiences in Visual Thinking’, authored by Robert McKim in 1973.

1987 年， Peter Rowe’s book titled, “Design Thinking” 描述了规划师、设计师和建筑师使用的方法和途径。在 20 世纪 80 年代至 90 年代，罗尔夫·法斯特在斯坦福大学巩固了罗伯特·麦克金的工作，然后大卫·M·凯利将设计思维调整为商业利益。大卫·M·凯利于 1991 年创立了IDEO。

In 1987, Peter Rowe’s book titled, “Design Thinking” described methods and approaches that planners, designers, and architects use. The work of Robert McKim was consolidated by Rolf Faste at Stanford University during 1980s to 1990s and then, David M. Kelly adapted design thinking for business interests. David M. Kelly founded IDEO in 1991.

大多数试图解决客户问题和满足其需求的行业都失败了，仅仅是因为他们从外部看待问题。然而，如果我们从内部看待问题，许多问题都可以得到更好的解决。

Most of the industries trying to solve customers’ problems and address their needs are failing just because they look at the problems outside in. However, many problems can be solved in a better manner if we look at them inside out.

据《福布斯》杂志的一篇文章称，世界各地的组织面临着大量问题，这些问题是多方面的，并且是日益复杂的业务模式的一部分。全球交易的扩张、国际合作伙伴关系的增长和人员资源的去中心化基础导致了需要全球视野，因此需要不同的视角来解决。

According to an article in Forbes, a large number of problems faced by organizations worldwide are multi-faceted and are a part of increasingly complex business models. The expansion of global transactions, growth of international partnerships and decentralized base of human resources are leading to challenges that require a global outlook and hence, a different outlook to solve the problems.

Features of Design Thinking

此类问题需要多维解决方案。设计思维在这方面提供帮助。它不仅可以帮助专业人士提出解决方案，还可以帮助组织获得相对于竞争对手的竞争优势。以下是设计思维带来的好处。顺便说一下，这些也是设计思维的显着特征。

Such problems require multidimensional solutions. Design thinking helps in this regard. It not only assists a professional to come up with a solution, but it also helps the organization to gain a competitive edge over its rivals. Following are the benefits conferred by design thinking. These are incidentally also the distinguishing features of design thinking.

Finding simplicity in complexities.
Having a beautiful and aesthetically appealing product.
Improving clients’ and end user’s quality of experience.
Creating innovative, feasible, and viable solutions to real world problems.
Addressing the actual requirements of the end users.

世界上大多数挑战之所以没有得到解决，是因为试图解决这些问题的人过于关注问题陈述。在其他时候，问题陈述被忽视，而解决问题的压力太大。

Most of the challenges in the world do not get solved because people trying to address those problems focus too much on the problem statement. At other times, the problem statement is overlooked and there is too much stress to find a solution.

设计思维有助于 gain a balance between the problem statement and the solution 发展。面向设计的思维方式不是以问题为中心，而是以解决方案为中心和以行动为导向。它必须同时涉及分析和想象力。设计思维是借助设计解决问题和解决问题情况的方法。

Design thinking helps to gain a balance between the problem statement and the solution developed. A design-oriented mindset is not problem focused, but solution focused and action oriented. It has to involve both analysis and imagination. Design thinking is the way of resolving issues and dissolving problematic situations by the help of design.

Strategy of Innovation

设计思维也被认为是一种创新战略。它能极大地促进创新。这就是设计思维形成 core of effective strategy development and seamless organizational change 的原因。涉及人类交互的任何事物，从产品、服务、流程等，都可以通过设计思维得到改进。这完全取决于设计者创造、管理、领导和创新的方式。

Design thinking is also considered to be a strategy for innovation. It leads to dramatic improvements in innovation. This is why design thinking forms the core of effective strategy development and seamless organizational change. Anything that involves human interaction, from products, services, processes etc., can be improved through design thinking. It all depends on the designer’s way to create, manage, lead, and innovate.

Use of Design Thinking

设计思维的基本原则是创新可以被规范的。创新不是只有少数天才才能体验到的难以捉摸的实体。相反，它是一种可以通过一组实用且细致的工具、方法和框架系统性地实现的做法。

The basic principle of design thinking is that innovation can be disciplined. Innovation is not an elusive entity that only a few genius people can experience. It is, rather, a practice that can be systematically approached by a set of practical and meticulous tools, methodologies, and frameworks.

设计思维能帮助你学习以下内容。

Design thinking helps you learn the following.

How to optimize the ability to innovate?
How to develop a variety of concepts, products, services, processes, etc. for endusers?
How to leverage the diverse ideas of innovation?
How to convert useful data, individual insights and vague ideas into feasible reality?
How to connect with the customers and end-users by targeting their actual requirements?
How to use the different tools used by designers in their profession for solving your customers’ problems?

设计思维可以通过很有规划、有序和系统性的方式帮助各行各业的人找到解决办法。循序渐进的过程有助于在考虑问题陈述和所需解决办法的情况下创建解决方案。

Design thinking helps people of every profession to arrive at solutions in a planned, organized, and systematic manner. The step-by-step process helps to create solutions with both the problem statement and the required solution in mind.

Design Thinking - Applications

设计思考在各种职业中都有应用。从体育、教育和研究到商业、管理和设计，世界各地的专业人士广泛使用设计思考。

Design thinking finds its application across a variety of professions. From sports, education and research to business, management and design, design thinking is widely used by professionals around the globe.

设计思考处于 analytical thinking 和 intuitive thinking 之间。分析性思维涉及纯粹的 deductive reasoning 和 inductive logical reasoning ，这些思维使用定量方法来得出结论。但是，直觉思维是指在没有任何推理的情况下了解某事。

Design thinking is halfway between analytical thinking and intuitive thinking. Analytical thinking involves purely deductive reasoning and inductive logical reasoning that utilize quantitative methodologies to come to conclusions. However, intuitive thinking refers to knowing something without any kind of reasoning.

这是两种极端的思维方式。设计思考以最佳方式利用了这两个极端。直觉思维有助于发明未来，而分析性思维则有助于创造可复制的、有创意的当下事物。使用这些未来解决方案的意愿被称为 abductive logic 。

These are two extreme kinds of thinking. Design thinking makes use of both the extremes in an optimum manner. The intuitive thinking helps in invention for the future, whereas analytical thinking to create something creative in the present, which is replicable. The willingness to use these futuristic solutions is what is called abductive logic.

Business

设计思考通过优化产品创建、营销和合同续约的过程，帮助企业发展。所有这些过程都需要公司以客户为中心，因此设计思考在这些过程中提供了极大的帮助。设计思考帮助设计思考者培养对客户的深刻同理心，并创造出完全满足其需求的解决方案。解决方案并不是仅仅出于技术的目的。

Design thinking helps in businesses by optimizing the process of product creation, marketing, and renewal of contracts. All these processes require a companywide focus on the customer and hence, design thinking helps in these processes immensely. Design thinking helps the design thinkers to develop deep empathy for their customers and to create solutions that match their needs exactly. The solutions are not delivered just for the sake of technology.

Information Technology

IT 行业制造了许多需要试用和概念验证的产品。该行业需要与用户产生共鸣，而不仅仅是部署技术。IT 不仅与技术或产品有关，还与流程有关。开发人员、分析员、顾问和经理必须对解决客户问题的可能想法进行头脑风暴。这就是设计思考提供极大帮助的地方。

The IT industry makes a lot of products that require trials and proof of concepts. The industry needs to empathize with its users and not simply deploy technologies. IT is not only about technology or products, but also its processes. The developers, analysts, consultants, and managers have to brainstorm on possible ideas for solving the problems of the clients. This is where design thinking helps a lot.

Education

教育部门可以通过从学生那里获得对其在课堂上遇到的要求、目标和挑战的反馈，从而充分利用设计思考。通过开展反馈工作，教师可以提出解决方案来应对学生面临的挑战。

The education sector can make the best use of design thinking by taking feedback from students on their requirements, goals and challenges they are facing in the classroom. By working on their feedback, the instructors can come up with solutions to address their challenges.

例如，来自纽约的二年级教师迈克尔·舒尔（Michael Schurr）意识到，如果公告栏降低，他的学生会更自在。他还发现为学生创造舒适的半私人工作空间的想法不错，因为它为他们提供了学习空间。因此，他的学生更加投入，并且可以自由行动。

For example, Michael Schurr, a 2nd grade instructor from New York, realized that his students would be more comfortable with bulletin boards lowered. He also found the idea of creating comfortable semi-private space for working students as it provided them space to study. As a result, his students became more engaged and felt free to move.

Healthcare

设计思考还有助于医疗保健。政府在医疗保健上的支出和医疗保健设施的成本日益增长。世界各地的专家都关心如何以低成本为人们提供高质量的医疗保健。

Design thinking helps in healthcare as well. The expenditure on healthcare by the government and the cost of healthcare facilities is growing by the day. Experts worldwide are concerned about how to bring quality healthcare to people at low cost.

加利福尼亚州威尼斯市的威尼斯家庭诊所已经为开设一家服务于低收入家庭的低成本儿童诊所的挑战提出了创新解决方案。必须解决资金、交通和语言障碍的问题。而且所有这些都必须为贫困儿童提供低成本服务。在不影响可持续性的情况下，促进健康和利润是一项挑战。使用设计思考，解决了系统中的低效率和长期危机。

Venice Family Clinic in Venice, California has come up with innovative solutions to the challenge of opening a low-cost children’s clinic to serve the low-income families. Problems of finance, transportation, and language barriers had to be solved. And all this had to be done at low cost for the poor kids. Fostering good health along with profits was a challenge, as it does not sound sustainable. Using design thinking, the inefficiencies in the system and the perennial crises were addressed.

随后是为儿童服务的令人惊叹的创新。他们如何解决各种问题将在本教程的后面章节中看到。

This was followed by mind-blowing innovations to serve the children. How they solved the various issues will be seen in the later sections of the tutorial.

Design Thinking - Solution-Based

设计思维有望为组织关注的问题提供现实的、实用的和创新的解决方案，并提供 systematic approach to finding solutions 。设计思维的显著特点是它鼓励专注于解决方案的思维或基于解决方案的思维。设计思想者应该明确整个过程的目标。设计思想者不应该解决每一个具体问题，而是要牢记最终目标来启动该流程。

Design thinking promises to provide a realistic, practical, and innovative solutions to problems of organizational concern and gives a systematic approach to finding solutions. The distinguishing feature of design thinking is that it encourages solution focused thinking or solution based thinking. The design thinker is supposed to have a clear idea of the goal of the entire process. The design thinkers are not supposed to solve every specific problem, but to start the process with the end goal in mind.

这种方法之所以有效，是因为它通过关注问题表述的当前和未来条件以及参数，可以同时探索替代解决方案。

This methodology helps because by focusing on both the present and the future conditions as well as the parameters of the problem statement, alternative solutions can be explored simultaneously.

Design Thinking vs. Scientific Method

设计思维方法与科学方法截然不同。科学方法从严格定义问题的各种参数入手，从而得出解决方案。但设计思维要求同时找出已知方面和问题表述中的模棱两可的地方，以及当前情况。这种思维方法有助于发掘隐藏参数和开启通往解决方案的备用方法。

The design thinking approach is altogether different from the scientific method. The scientific method begins with rigorously defining all the parameters of the problem, so as to arrive at a solution. But a design thinker is supposed to identify both the known and the ambiguous facets of the problem statement along with the current situation. This method of thinking helps to unearth hidden parameters and open alternate paths to reach the solution.

由于设计思维是一种迭代方法，因此开发更大解决方案以实现最终目标的过程中的中间解决方案也可以作为勾画替代途径的潜在起点。有时，这也可以重新定义问题陈述。

Iterative approach − As design thinking is an iterative approach, intermediate solutions in the process of developing the larger solution to achieve the end goal can also act as prospective starting points for chalking out alternative paths. This can, at times, also lead to redefinition of the problem statement.

Problem Focused vs. Solution Focused

专注于问题解决者和专注于解决方案解决者之间的差异在哪里？这个问题的答案是心理学家 Bryan Lawson 在 1972 年找到的。

Where does the difference lie between problem focused solvers and solution focused solvers? The answer to this question was found by Bryan Lawson, a psychologist, in 1972.

在他的一项实验中，他找了两组学生；一组是大四建筑系学生，而另一组是由研究生科学系的学生组成。要求这两个小组用一套彩色盒子制作一层结构。该结构的周边必须优化红色或蓝色；然而，有一些未指定的规则支配着某些块的放置和关系。

In one of his experiments, he took two groups of students; one group consisted of final year students in architecture, whereas the other group comprised of post graduate science students. The two groups were asked to create one-layer structures with a set of colored boxes. The perimeter of the structure had to optimize either the red or the blue color; however, there were unspecified rules governing the placement and relationship of some of the blocks.

劳森发现 -

Lawson found that −

Analysis vs. Synthesis

分析是指将实质性事物分解为多个片段或组件的过程。综合分析的完全相反。在综合中，我们结合分散的元素形成一个聚集的和连贯的整体。

Analysis refers to the process of breaking down something substantial into multiple fragments or components. Synthesis is the total contrast of analysis. In Synthesis, we combine fragmented elements to form an aggregated and coherent whole.

需要注意的是，分析和综合是互补的，并且齐头并进。设计思维者必须根据他们所做的分析进行综合，然后根据综合的内容进行分析以验证结果和衡量参数。

It is to be noted that analysis and synthesis are complementary to each other and go hand in hand. Design thinkers have to synthesize based on the analysis they have done and the analysis will then follow based on what has been synthesized to verify the results and to measure the parameters.

Divergent Thinking vs. Convergent Thinking

发散思维涉及在第一立场寻找许多可能的解决方案。这是设计思维过程的本质。要求设计思维者尽可能多地思考出头脑风暴，即使其中一些看起来不可行。

Divergent thinking involves finding many possible solutions in the first stance. This is the essence of design thinking process. The design thinkers are required to think of as many solutions as strike their brain, even if some of them don’t look viable.

聚合思维是将可用的解决方案缩小为最终解决方案的方法。发散思维是提出与单个主题相关的各种独特想法的能力。聚合思维是找到给定问题的正确解决方案的能力。设计思维在开始时深入研究发散思维，以构思多种解决方案，然后诉诸聚合思维来找出最佳解决方案。

Convergent thinking is a method of narrowing the available solutions to a final solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to come up with various unique ideas adherent to a single theme. Convergent thinking is the ability to find the correct solution to the given problem. Design thinking delves on divergent thinking in the beginning to ideate many solutions and then resort to convergent thinking to zero-in on the best solution.

Design Thinking - Analysis Vs Synthesis

在本章中，我们将看到两种基于解决方案的思维方式之间的差异，即分析和综合，还将了解它如何帮助设计思考。

In this chapter, we will see the difference between two ways of solution-based thinking, i.e. Analysis and Synthesis, and also get to know how it helps in design thinking.

Analysis

分析源自希腊语“analusis”，在英语中是 translates into ‘breaking up’ 。分析早于像亚里士多德和柏拉图这样伟大的哲学家的时代。正如前一节所讨论的，分析是将一个大的单一实体分解成多个片段的过程。这是一种演绎，其中一个 bigger concept is broken down to smaller ones 。为了更好地理解，必须将其分解成更小的片段。

Analysis is derived from the Greek word ‘analusis’, which translates into ‘breaking up’ in English. Analysis is older than the times of great philosophers like Aristotle and Plato. As discussed in the previous section, analysis is the process of breaking down a big single entity into multiple fragments. It is a deduction where a bigger concept is broken down to smaller ones. This breaking down into smaller fragments is necessary for improved understanding.

那么，分析如何帮助进行设计思考？在分析期间，要求设计思考者将问题表述分解成较小的部分，并分别研究每个部分。如果可能的话，问题表述的不同较小组成部分应逐一解决。然后，为每个较小的问题思考解决方案。对每个解决方案进行头脑风暴。

So, how does analysis help in design thinking? During analysis, design thinkers are required to break down the problem statement into smaller parts and study each one of them separately. The different smaller components of the problem statement are to be solved one-by-one, if possible. Then, solutions are thought for each of the small problems. Brainstorming is done over each of the solutions.

稍后，执行 feasibility check 以包括可行且可行的解决方案。在考虑的解决方案集中，排除了在可行性和可行性方面不坚定的解决方案。

Later, a feasibility check is done to include the feasible and viable solutions. The solutions that don’t stand firm on the grounds of feasibility and viability are excluded from the set of solutions to be considered.

然后，鼓励设计思考者联系不同的想法并检查每个想法是如何构成的。将当前较大的问题表述分解成多个较小的次要问题表述，并将每一个都作为一个单独实体进行检查的过程称为分析。

Design thinkers are, then, encouraged to connect with the diverse ideas and examine the way each idea was composed. This process of breaking down the bigger problem statement at hand into multiple smaller problem statements and examining each as a separate entity is called analysis.

Reductionism

分析中的基本假设是 reductionism 。还原论认为，我们周围的现实可以简化为不可见的组成部分。解析几何的基本公理中体现了这一原则，即“整体等于其部分之和”。然而，仅通过分析无法建立对系统的理解。因此，在分析之后需要进行综合。

The underlying assumption in analysis is reductionism. Reductionism states that the reality around us can be reduced down to invisible parts. The embodiment of this principle is found in basic axioms of analytic geometry, which says “the whole is equal to the sum of its parts”. However, understanding of a system cannot be developed by analysis alone. Hence, synthesis is required following analysis.

Synthesis

综合是指将分散的部分组合成一个聚集的整体的过程。这是一个在科学或创造性探究结束时进行的活动。这个过程导致创造了一个新颖的、连贯的更大的实体。综合是如何在设计思考中出现的？

Synthesis refers to the process of combining the fragmented parts into an aggregated whole. It is an activity that is done at the end of the scientific or creative inquiry. This process leads to creation of a coherent bigger entity, which is something new and fresh. How does synthesis come into picture in design thinking?

在设计思想家排除了不可行且不可靠的解决方案，并对可行且可靠的解决方案集进行了集中关注后，现在是时候让思想家们提出自己的解决方案了。

Once the design thinkers have excluded the non-feasible and non-viable solutions and have zeroed-in on the set of feasible and viable solutions, it is time for the thinkers to put together their solutions.

在 10 个可用解决方案中，可能需要排除大约 2-3 个解决方案，因为它们可能不适合总体情况，即实际解决方案。这就是综合发挥作用的地方。

Out of 10 available solutions, around 2-3 solutions may need to be excluded since they may not fit into the larger picture, i.e. the actual solution. This is where synthesis helps.

设计思想家从一个称为问题陈述的大实体开始，然后以另一个更大的实体结束，即解决方案。该解决方案与问题陈述完全不同。在综合过程中，确保不同的想法彼此同步，并且不会导致冲突。

The design thinkers start from a big entity called the problem statement and then end up with another bigger entity, i.e. the solution. The solution is completely different from the problem statement. During synthesis, it is ensured that the different ideas are in sync with each other and do not lead to conflicts.

Analysis + Synthesis = Design Thinking

因此，分析和综合形成了设计思维中要完成的两项基本任务。设计思维过程从还原论开始，其中问题陈述被分解成更小的片段。思想家团队对每个片段进行头脑风暴，然后将不同的较小解决方案组合在一起形成一个连贯的最终解决方案。让我们来看一个例子。

Analysis and synthesis, thus, form the two fundamental tasks to be done in design thinking. Design thinking process starts with reductionism, where the problem statement is broken down into smaller fragments. Each fragment is brainstormed over by the team of thinkers, and the different smaller solutions are then put together to form a coherent final solution. Let us take a look at an example.

Case Study

Problem Statement ——假设手头的问题陈述是要遏制全球各公司发生的流失率。高素质员工在考核周期后，尤其会离职。结果，一家普通的公司会失去其宝贵的人力资源，并在向新员工传授知识方面承受巨大的开销。这需要时间和作为培训师的额外人力资源，从而增加了公司的成本。制定一项计划以遏制公司流失。

Problem Statement − Suppose the problem statement at hand is to contain the attrition that happens in companies worldwide. High quality employees leave the organization, mainly after the appraisal cycle. As a result, an average company loses its valuable human resources and suffers from an overhead of transferring the knowledge to a new employee. This takes time and additional human resource in the form of a trainer, which adds to the company’s costs. Devise a plan to contain attrition in the company.

Analysis ——现在，让我们将问题陈述细分为各个组成部分。以下是同一问题陈述的子部分，分解到基本级别。

Analysis − Now, let’s break down the problem statement into various constituent parts. Following are the subparts of the same problem statement, broken down to elementary levels.

The employees are not motivated anymore to work in the company.
Appraisal cycle has something to do with attrition.
Knowledge transfer is necessary for new employees.
Knowledge transfer adds to the cost of the company.

Synthesis ——现在，让我们开始逐个解决每个问题。在此步骤中，我们将进行综合。让我们一次考虑一个问题，并尝试仅针对该问题陈述找到解决方案，而不考虑其他问题陈述。

Synthesis − Now, let’s start solving each problem individually. In this step, we will do synthesis. Let’s look at one problem at a time and try to find a solution only for that problem statement, without thinking of other problem statements.

To solve the problem of lack of motivation, the management can plan some sort of incentives that can be given on a regular basis. The efforts put in by the employees must be rewarded well. This will keep the employees motivated.
To solve the issue of occurrence of attrition during appraisal cycle, the management can conduct a meeting with the employees leaving the organization, and take their insight as to what led them to leave the company.
For knowledge transfer, the management can hire only those people who are experts in a domain.
Regarding concerns for budget of knowledge transfer, the management can have a document prepared by experts in a domain and this document can be uploaded on intranet. This can be made available to new joinees. Hence, additional human resource is not required for knowledge transfer and this will reduce the figures in the company’s budget.

现在，如果我们仔细观察，第三个解决方案可能并非始终可行。我们不能保证专家专业人士会一直在面试中出现。此外，专家专业人士比非专家专业人士要求更高的补偿。这将增加公司的预算。

Now, if we observe carefully, the third solution may not be feasible all the time. We cannot be assured of expert professionals coming for interviews all the time. Moreover, expert professionals demand more compensation than not-so-expert professionals. This will increase the company’s budget.

因此，我们现在将其他三个解决方案组合起来，形成一个连贯的解决方案。最终解决方案是，管理层先与离职组织的员工交谈，了解离职背后的原因，然后提出合适的类别奖励，然后在组织中创建一份易于所有人访问的文件，用于知识转移。

Hence, we will now combine the other three solutions to form a coherent one. The final solution will be for the management to first have a talk with the employees leaving the organization to know the reasons behind attrition, then come up with awards in suitable categories and then, create an easily and universally accessible document in the organization for knowledge transfer.

通过这种方式，分析和综合共同促进了设计思维过程。设计思想家从将问题分解成较小的问题开始，这些较小的问题可以轻松地处理和研究。然后，将不同的解决方案组合起来形成一个连贯的单一解决方案。

This way, analysis and synthesis together help in design thinking process. Design thinkers start with breaking down a problem into smaller problems that can be handled and studied easily. Then, the different solutions are combined to form a coherent single solution.

Design Thinking - Divergent

设计思维涉及两种类型的思维，即 convergent thinking 和 divergent thinking 。人们需要针对一个共同的问题陈述想出许多解决方案，然后得出正确且最佳的解决方案。

Design thinking involves two types of thinking, viz. convergent thinking and divergent thinking. One needs to think of many solutions to a common problem statement and then arrive at the correct and the best solution.

发散思维是在解决某个问题时，想出不止一个解决方案的过程。它指创造性解决方案的思考过程。主要的 features of divergent thinking 是：

Divergent thinking is the process of devising more than one solution for a problem statement. It refers to the thought process of generating creative solutions. The main features of divergent thinking are −

It is a free flowing chain of ideas.
It happens in a non-linear manner, i.e. it does not follow any particular sequence of thinking. Moreover, multiple ideas can emerge at the same time, rather than one idea coming up only after the other has occurred.
Non-linearity also means that multiple solutions are thought of and explored at the same time. This happens in a very short amount of time and unexpected connections are developed between the ideas.

为设计思维者提供了一个刺激，这促使思维者创造性地阐述想法。

A stimulus is provided to the design thinker and that prompts creative elaboration of ideas by the thinker.

发散思维被认为会增强思维者的创造力。术语“发散思维”最早是由 J. P. Guilford 于 1956 年创造的。创造力的自由联想理论认为，概念在大脑中通过语义网络连接。心理学家声称，个人的创造力水平的差异取决于人类头脑中概念的语义网络类型。以下 two types of connections ：

Divergent thinking is supposed to enhance creativity of thinkers. The term ‘Divergent Thinking’ was first coined by J. P. Guilford in 1956. The Free Association Theory of Creativity says that concepts are connected inside our brains as semantic networks. Psychologists have claimed that the difference in creativity levels of people is dependent on the type of semantic networks of concepts inside the human mind. Following are the two types of connections −

Flat
Steep

具有扁平网络的设计思维者是那些有许多松散概念连接的人。他们更有创造力。具有陡峭网络的人更具逻辑性，因为节点之间的关联是线性的。由于发散思维以非线性的方式进行，因此具有扁平联想网络的人在发散思维中会更成功。

The design thinkers with flat networks are those with numerous loose conceptual connections. They are more creative. The people with steep networks are more logical, because of the linear associations between the nodes. Because divergent thinking proceeds in a non-linear fashion, a person with flat associative network will be more successful in divergent thinking.

在进行设计思维练习之前，一个人必须找出自己是哪种类型的思考者。如果一个人能够想出不同的解决方案，而没有预先确定的解决方案，那么这个人就是一个发散思维者。让我们来看看一个发散思维练习。

Before getting into the exercise of design thinking, a person has to find out what type of thinker the person is. If a person can think of diverse solutions, without any pre-determined set of solutions, then the person is a divergent thinker. Let’s take a look at an exercise on divergent thinking.

Case Study

Problem Statement - 知识转移过程对组织来说是一个大问题。让我们将我们的组织称为“DT”。DT 想要消除为新员工转移知识而付出额外资金和时间的开销。手头的问题陈述是“知识转移增加了公司的成本”。让我们想办法消除或至少降低公司的成本。

Problem Statement − The process of knowledge transfer is a huge problem for the organization. Let’s call our organization ‘DT’. DT wants to eliminate the overhead of shelling out extra money and investing time for transferring knowledge to its new employees. The problem statement at hand is “Knowledge transfer adds to the cost of the company”. Let’s think of ways to eliminate or at least, reduce the cost to the company.

Solution - 以下可能是一些可能的甚至不太可能的解决方案。

Solution − Following can be some of the possible and even not-so-possible solutions.

DT can eliminate the process of knowledge transfer.
DT can conduct classroom sessions for knowledge transfer, where a large number of new employees can be seated and just one instructor can deliver sessions to many employees at once. This will reduce the cost as the number of paid instructors required will be less.
DT can come up with a document for knowledge transfer and can mail it to every new employee. The employees can go through the document and hence, can selfhelp for knowledge transfer.
DT can ask the employees to search for material online to gain knowledge of new tools and processes, which are currently in use in the industry.
DT can hire only those employees who have adequate knowhow of tools and techniques that DT works on. This will eliminate the need of knowledge transfer.

你可能还有许多其他解决方案。把它们写在纸上。在这里，我们不会关注解决方案是否可能、可行或可行的。我们只需要提出想法，不管它们听起来多么荒谬。这就是发散思维的过程，思考者可以自由地向任何方向移动或流动。

There may be many other solutions that may come to your mind. Write them down on a sheet of paper. Here, we won’t focus on whether a solution is possible, feasible or viable. We just need to bring ideas to the table, no matter how absurd they may sound. This is called the process of divergent thinking, where a thinker is free to move or flow in any direction.

Design Thinking - Convergent

收敛思维与发散思维完全相反。“收敛思维”一词是由 J. P. Guilford 于 1956 年创造的。收敛思维的概念要求设计思维者在发散思维中思考所有可能的解决方案，并找出正确的解决方案。这种收敛到一个解决方案或有限数量的解决方案的混合体是收敛思维的本质。

Convergent thinking is exactly opposite of what divergent thinking is. The term ‘Convergent Thinking’ was coined by Joy Paul Guilford in 1956. The concept of convergent thinking requires the design thinker to go through all the possible solutions thought during divergent thinking and come up with a correct solution. This convergence on a single solution or a mix of limited number of solutions is the essence of convergence thinking.

收敛思维是思维者通常应该针对一个问题想出一个单一的、经过充分验证的最佳解决方案的一种思维类型。这一个步骤为问题陈述提供了最佳且具体的解决方案，考虑到了问题陈述中指定的所有因素和要求。

Convergent thinking is the type of thinking in which a thinker is generally supposed to come up with a single well-established best-possible solution to a problem. This step delivers the best and a concrete solution to a problem statement, taking into account all the factors and requirements specified in the problem statement.

收敛思维要求速度、准确性、效率、逻辑推理和技术。一个思维者应该识别模式、重新应用一些技术，并积累和组织存储的信息。

Convergent thinking requires speed, accuracy, efficiency, logical reasoning, and techniques. A thinker is supposed to recognize the patterns, reapply a few techniques, and accumulate and organize the stored information.

Aspects of Convergent Thinking

收敛思维的主要方面是它应该帮助我们做决定。发散思维过程中想到的想法在收敛思维阶段要么被认为是可能的，要么被认为是不可能的。

The principle aspect of convergent thinking is that it should help us arrive at a singlebest answer without any room for ambiguity. The ideas thought of in the process of divergent thinking are either considered to be possible or impossible in convergent thinking phase.

收敛思维的另一个重要方面是它依赖于判断。发散思维要求思维者暂停判断。收敛思维鼓励思维者运用判断力。

Another important aspect of convergent thinking is that judgment is an important part of this process. Divergent thinking requires thinkers to suspend judgment. Convergent thinking encourages thinkers to apply the power of judgment.

让我们看看发散思维练习，并开始对它应用收敛思维

Let’s look at the exercise of divergent thinking and start applying convergent thinking on it

我们在发散思维练习中得到了以下想法。

We got the following ideas in the divergent thinking exercise.

Elimination of knowledge transfer program.
Having a single instructor for knowledge transfer program in a classroom session.
Preparing a document for knowledge transfer program.
Making it mandatory for employees to search for knowledge resources online.
Hiring only those employees who are experienced enough and who don’t need knowledge transfer.

现在，根据五个想法可以很容易地说，选项 1 是不可行的。并非每个员工都了解公司的工具和技术，因此不能指望他们在没有知识转移的情况下能够生存。

Now, looking at the five ideas, it can be easily said that option 1 is not feasible. Every employee does not have an idea of a company’s tools and techniques and hence, cannot be expected to survive without knowledge transfer.

出于同样的原因，选项 5 也是不可接受的。新员工很少了解公司最佳实践，假设员工知识水平是一个巨大的错误。为新员工提供知识转移培训被认为是一项良好的 HR 实践。

For the same reason, option 5 is also not acceptable. The best practices of a company are seldom known to new employees and taking an assumption about an employee’s knowledge level is a huge mistake. It is considered to be a good HR practice to have knowledge transfer session for new employees.

如果我们选择选项 4，我们无法确定新员工的学习进度。每个员工掌握概念需要的时间可能不同。在线搜索资料并阅读资料本身就是一项开销，而且无法监控。

If we go by option 4, we are not assured of the pace at which learning will happen for the new employees. Each employee can take variable amount of time to grasp the concepts. The time taken to search materials online and read them is an overhead in itself and it cannot be monitored.

因此，剩下的两个更好的选项是选项 2 和选项 3。但是，无法正确估计文档用于知识转移的有效性。它类似于在线阅读材料。因此，最好的选择是让讲师在课堂教学计划中向员工授课。

Hence, the two better options that remain are option 2 and option 3. However, one cannot correctly estimate the effectiveness of a document for knowledge transfer. It is similar to reading materials online. Hence, the best option available is to have an instructor teaching employees in a classroom program.

虽然员工有时无法获得个性化关注，但可以通过平衡好小组人数和课堂授课时长的关系，这可能是降低成本和开销的最佳选择。讲师人数的减少将导致 DT 开支减少，同时有偿讲师的有效性仍将保持，使知识转移过程像以前一样有效。

Although, the employees won’t get personal attention at times, yet by maintaining a fine balance between the strength of the batch and the length of class, this can be the best option to reduce cost and overhead. The reduction in the number of instructors will lead to less expenditure for DT and at the same time, the effectiveness of a paid instructor will remain, making the process of knowledge transfer as effective as before.

这就是收敛思维的作用。

This is how convergent thinking comes into picture.

Design Thinking - Attributes

设计思维是对各种属性的广泛研究，如原理、方法和过程、挑战等。让我们来看看设计思维的属性。

Design thinking is an extensive study of various attributes, like principles, methods and processes, challenges etc. Let’s have a look at the attributes of design thinking.

The Principles of Design Thinking

据克里斯托夫·梅内尔和拉里·莱弗称，设计思维有四项原则。

According to Christoph Meinel and Larry Leifer, there are four principles to design thinking.

The Human Rule − This rule states that all kinds of design activity are ultimately social in nature.
The Ambiguity Rule − This rule requires all design thinkers to preserve ambiguity in the process design thinking.
The Re-design Rule − The re-design rule states that all designs are basically examples of re-design.
The Tangibility Rule − The tangibility rule states that making ideas tangible always facilitates communication between design thinkers.

这四项原则构成了设计思维过程的基础。设计思维者需要根据这些原则形成自己的想法并提出想法。

These four principles form the foundation of the design thinking process. A design thinker needs to form his ideas and put them forward based on these principles.

The Challenges

下一个属性称为 ‘wicked problems’ 。这些是设计思维者面临的挑战。设计思维帮助几乎所有职业的设计师解决这些棘手的问题。这些挑战应该是不明确或棘手的。

The next attribute is called as the ‘wicked problems’. These are the challenges that are faced by the design thinkers. Design thinking helps the designers in almost all professions to tackle these wicked problems. These challenges are supposed to be ill-defined or tricky.

Horst Rittel 是第一个用“邪恶问题”一词来指代此类问题的人。在定义不清的问题中，问题陈述和解决方案在设计思考练习开始时都是未知的。在明确定义的问题中，至少问题陈述是明确的，并且可以通过技术知识获得解决方案。

Horst Rittel was the first person to refer to such problems with the word ‘wicked problems’. In the case of ill-defined problems, the problem statement and the solution are both unknown at the beginning of the design thinking exercise. In well-defined problems, at least the problem statement is clear and the solution is available through technical knowledge.

在邪恶的问题中，设计思想家可能对问题有一个大致的了解，但大量的时间和精力都花在需求分析上。需求收集、问题定义和问题形成是设计思考的这一方面的组成部分。

In wicked problems, the design thinker may have a general idea of the problem, but significant amount of time and effort goes into requirement analysis. Requirement gathering, problem definition, and problem shaping are major parts of this aspect of design thinking.

The Aha-Moment

一旦设计思想家花大量时间找到解决方案，就会出现一个时刻，思想家突然发现自己扫清了所有障碍。这是解决方案或一个好主意浮现在思想家脑海中的时刻。阿哈时刻是发散思维和收敛思维、分析、问题定义和形成、需求分析以及问题性质的结果全部汇聚在一起来达成 best resolution is captured 的时候。

Once the design thinker has spent considerable amount of time in finding a solution, there occurs a moment when the thinker suddenly finds his way clear of all obstructions. This is the moment when the solution or a bright idea strikes the thinker’s mind. The aha-moment is the time when the results of convergent thinking and divergent thinking, analysis, problem definition and shaping, requirements analysis and the nature of the problem all come together and the best resolution is captured.

在阿哈时刻，设计思考的过程开始变得清晰，而在此之前它实际上看起来模糊且单向。解决问题的重点在此时刻后变得清晰，最终产品或最终解决方案此后构成。

At the aha-moment, the process of design thinking begins to appear clear, which actually appears hazy and unidirectional before the moment. The focus on the solution grows clear after this moment and the final product or the final solution is constructed hereafter.

Design Methods

每个设计学科都使用一组特定的技术、规则和方法。这些被称为设计方法。方法包括诸如访谈、创建用户画像、搜索世界上其他可用的解决方案、创建思维导图、创建用于解决问题的原型以及询问诸如五个为什么的问题。

Every design discipline makes use of a set of specific techniques, rules, and ways of doing things. These are called design methods. The methods include tasks like interviewing, creating user profiles, searching for other available solutions in the world, creating mind maps, creating prototypes for solving a problem and asking for answers to questions like five whys.

‘five whys’ 是一种迭代询问技术，用于探索特定问题背后的因果关系。此技术通过重复问题“为什么？”来帮助确定任何问题的根本原因。每个问题都构成下一个问题的基础。此技术由丰田佐吉开发。这有助于找到设计师面临的许多问题的根本原因。五个为什么技术用于根本原因分析。

The ‘five whys’ is an iterative interrogative technique, which is used to explore the causeand-effect relationships underlying a particular problem. The technique helps to determine the root cause of any problem by repeating the question ‘Why?’ Each question forms the basis of the next question. This technique is developed by Sakichi Toyoda. This helps to find the root cause of many problems faced by designers. Five whys technique is used for root cause analysis.

The Five-step Process of Design Thinking

设计思维过程或方法共有五个步骤需要遵循。该过程始于对客户或最终用户的问题感同身受。然后，该过程转向使用发散思维对解决方案进行构思。在经过收敛思维后开发原型，然后设计思想家求助于测试原型。我们将在本教程的后续章节中详细了解这些步骤。

The design thinking process or method has five steps in all to be followed. The process starts with empathizing with the problem of the customer or the end-user. The process then moves to ideate on solutions using divergent thinking. The prototype is developed after convergent thinking and then the design thinkers resort to testing the prototype. We will learn more about each of these steps in the subsequent chapters of this tutorial.

Use of Analogies

对于设计思想家来说，即使在包含模糊关系的定义不清问题中找到逻辑也很重要。这个问题可以使用类比来解决。 Visual thinking 可以通过关联不同的内部表征（例如图像）来帮助理解情况中定义不清的元素。

It is imperative for a design thinker to find logic even in ill-defined problems that contain obscure relationships. This issue can be addressed using analogies. Visual thinking can help by correlating different internal representations, such as images, to develop an understanding of ill-defined elements of a situation.

Design Thinking - Empathize Stage

这一步包括把自己代入客户或我们解决方案的最终用户的角度。我们需要了解客户面临的问题，并且我们作为设计思维者，需要对客户感同身受。这一步以 requirement gathering 的形式进行，其中包括访谈，有时甚至包括实地考察。这一步涉及分析过程，我们在前几节讨论过。在采访客户时需要考虑几点。

This step involves putting oneself into the shoes of the customer or the end-user of our solution. We need to understand the problems faced by the customer and we, as design thinkers, need to empathize with the customer. This step is carried out in the form of requirement gathering, which involves interviews and sometimes, even field visits. This step involves the process of analysis, the one which we discussed in the previous sections. There are a few points to be considered while interviewing the customer.

The interviewer must brainstorm for the questions beforehand and must be fully prepared for the interview.
The questions being asked must be open questions. No such question should be asked for which the interviewee can answer only in Yes or No. Such binary questions must be avoided.
The interviewer must have plenty of ‘why’ questions. Here, the ‘five whys’ method can help.
The themes of the questions must not be intermingled. The themes must be arranged properly and questions pertaining to a particular theme must be asked together.
The questions must be refined thoroughly so that no trace of ambiguity is left in them.

让我们用 DT 问题陈述的示例详细了解本部分。为了充分理解 DT 的问题，我们需要对 DT 员工进行采访，包括正在工作的员工，甚至包括正在离职的员工。作为设计思维者，我们必须 observe, engage, and listen 面向受访者。为了创造有意义的创新，我们需要了解客户的需求并知道客户的感受。下面可能是一些可以向员工提出的问题。

Let’s take a deeper look at this section using the example of DT’s problem statement. To fully understand DT’s problem, we need to engage in an interview with DT employees, those who are working and even those who are leaving. It is important for us, as design thinkers, to observe, engage, and listen to the interviewee. To create meaningful innovations, we need to understand the needs of the customer and know how it feels. Following can be few of the questions that can be asked to the employees.

Regarding Motivation to Work

What motivates you to come at the workplace?
What is the thing that drains you off energy at workplace?
Is the factor for demoralization related to company policies or your peers?

Regarding Leaving the Company

What are your aspirations?
How is the other company fulfilling your aspirations?
Is your decision related to something other than workplace motivation?

Regarding Time of Leaving

How does this time suit your decision to leave the organization?
Does your decision has anything to do with appraisal? If yes, how?

必须向 DT 的管理层提出以下问题。

The following questions must be asked to DT’s management.

Regarding Employee Attrition

Has any pattern been observed between the employees leaving the organization and their appraisal ratings?
What are the issues that the employees have complained about in the past regarding their workplace?

Regarding Knowledge Transfer Mechanism

What does a knowledge transfer program constitute of?
How much money goes as expense of knowledge transfer program?
What is the current methodology of knowledge transfer program and how effective is it?
How can the budget allocated to knowledge transfer program be increased or decreased?
What are the indispensable resources and pre-requisites for a knowledge transfer program?

在回答完这些问题后，我们能够对后续步骤有更清晰的了解。这样，设计思维者将能够覆盖与问题相关的所有必要细节，收集所有要求，并利用手中详尽的事实和信息来思考解决方案。这将有助于收敛到一个解决方案，其中考虑到了所有问题的答案。

Once these questions have been answered, we can proceed to the further steps with more clarity. This way, a design thinker will be able to cover all the necessary details related to the problem, gather all the requirements and think of the solutions with an exhaustive set of facts and information in hand. This will help in converging at a solution that takes into consideration the answers of all the questions.

Design Thinking - Define Stage

现在，我们已经了解了客户的问题和背景。现在是定义问题并得到问题陈述的时候了。此陈述将为我们提供必要的指示，以解决客户面临的问题。

Now, we have learnt the problems of our customers and the context as well. It is time to define our problem and arrive at a problem statement. This statement will give us the necessary direction to proceed towards the issue faced by the customer.

作为一名设计思维者，我们需要涵盖我们在“移情”阶段中得到的所有要点和答案。这是综合过程开始发挥作用的地方。我们需要将所有答案归为一类，并将它们转换为一个 coherent single statement 。

As a design thinker, we need to cover all the points and the answers that we got in the ‘empathize’ phase. This is where the process of synthesis comes into picture. We have to club all the answers together and convert them into a coherent single statement.

定义问题的第一步是找到用户是谁，他的/她的/他们的需求是什么，然后从答案中发展出见解。想一想 ‘How might we?’ 问题。例如，“我们如何激励 DT 中的员工？”，“我们如何解决绩效评级与离职率之间的关系问题？”，“我们如何在不降低质量和强制性先决条件资源的前提下降低知识转移计划的成本？”以及其他类似的问题。

The first step towards defining a problem is to find who the user is, what is his/her/their needs and then develop insights from the answers. Think of ‘How might we?’ questions. For example, ‘how might we motivate the employees in DT?’, ‘How might we address the concern on the connection between appraisal ratings and attrition?’, ‘How might we reduce the cost of knowledge transfer program without compromising its quality and the mandatory pre-requisite resources?’ and many other questions along the similar lines.

但我们如何产生这样的问题。简而言之，“我们如何产生“我们如何”的问题？”以下指南将帮助设计思维者提出此类问题。

But how do we generate such questions. In short, “How might we generate the ‘how might we’ questions?” The following guidelines will help a design thinker to come up with such questions.

Amplify the good − A design thinker must think how to amplify the positive aspects of the customers’ needs. For instance, we can think of how to boost the morale of the employees who are not leaving the company or how to increase the quality of knowledge transfer program in DT.
Eliminate the bad − Design thinkers need to remove all the bad elements observed in the problem. In case of DT problem, we have to remove the problem of high costs of knowledge transfer and the lack of motivation in the company. We also need to remove the negative effect that appraisal ratings have on employees.
Explore the opposite − Design thinkers need to brainstorm on how to convert the problem into an opportunity. In the case of DT, we can think of how the lack of motivation can become an opportunity for employees to ideate and suggest a way to bring more motivation and energy in the workplace.
Question the Assumptions − This step involves questioning the assumption at hand. It is assumed that DT needs knowledge transfer for its new employees. Is it really indispensable to have this knowledge transfer process in place?
Identify the Unexpected Resources − Design thinkers should try to find whether some other resources not mentioned by the customer can be leveraged? In case of DT, think of how we can use some other resources to train the employees or to motivate the employees in the organization.
Create an Analogy − Design thinking also involves, among many other things, how to create connections between the problem at hand and unrelated images. DT can think of similar cases or situations where such problem of knowledge transfer and motivation of people is at stake. DT can think how problems had been solved there.
Break the Problem into Pieces − This is where again analysis comes into picture for a short while before the problem definition can be synthesized. The points discussed from ‘empathize’ section can be broken down into elementary fragments to make the work easier.

通过对各个方面进行研究，我们遇到了以下问题陈述——“DT 应如何随着低成本有效培训其新人力资源而激励其现有员工？”

Working over each aspect, we come across the following problem statement – "How should DT motivate its existing employees along with training its new human resources effectively at low cost?"

您也可以创建自己的问题陈述，它甚至可能比上述陈述更好。

You can create your own problem statement as well, which may be even better than the one above.

Design Thinking - Ideate Stage

设计思维过程的第三个组成部分是最有趣，而且可能也是最严格的部分。在称为“构思”的这一部分中，设计思维者应该提出 as many ideas as possible 。在对想法进行头脑风暴时，不会检查该想法是否可能、可行和可行的。思维者的唯一任务是尽可能多地思考他们的想法。

The third component of design thinking process is the most interesting and perhaps, the most rigorous as well. In this section, called Ideate, a design thinker is supposed to bring to the table as many ideas as possible. While brainstorming for ideas, it is not checked whether the idea is possible, feasible, and viable or not. The only task of thinkers is to think of as many ideas as possible for them.

在此过程中，设计思维者还诉诸于使用表格、便利贴、素描、图表纸、思维导图等。我们将在本节后面了解思维导图。设计思维者还利用了其他设计思维者的想法。设计思维者提出的所有解决方案都会被带到讨论桌上并进行思考。头脑风暴有规则。它们如下。

In this process, design thinkers also resort to the use of boards, sticky notes, sketching, chart papers, mind maps, etc. We will take a look at mind maps later in this section. Design thinkers also build on the ideas of other design thinkers. All solutions suggested by design thinkers are brought to the table and thought over. There are rules for brainstorming. They are as follows.

Rules for Brainstorming

Only one conversation is allowed at a time. No other person must intervene when an idea is being given.
Focus must be on the quantity and not on quality. In this step, the group must have large number of ideas with them.
Think out of the blue. Wild ideas must be encouraged even if they invoke plain humor or seem impossible.
The group leader must defer judgment. The fellow thinkers also need to suspend judgment. Judgmental attitude leads to an obstruction for the thinkers.
Visualization is important. The design thinkers must create a visual picture of the problem statement and then try to see a visual image of their ideas as well.
Build on each other’s ideas. Support other ideas and build on them through group discussions and healthy debates.

以下是在创意头脑风暴中使用的一种技术。

Following is one of the techniques to brainstorm for ideas.

Mind Maps

思维导图是一种图表，有助于直观地观察和学习信息。思维导图围绕一个问题陈述创建，解决问题的想法都会写在周围。问题陈述通常被写在一个空白页面的中心作为中心，分支以各个方向辐射代表解决方案。

Mind map is a diagram that helps to observe and study information in a visual manner. Mind map is created around a single problem statement and all the ideas to solve the problem are written around it. The problem statement usually is written at the center of a blank page as a hub and branches shoot out in all directions representing the solutions.

这些想法可以用文本、图像、树木，甚至更小的思维导图来表示。整个思维导图看起来像一棵树的顶视图，问题陈述为树干，解决方案为树枝。它也以 spider diagram 的名称而闻名。

The ideas can be represented as text, images, trees, and even smaller mind maps. The entire map looks like a top view of a tree, with the problem statement as the trunk and the solutions as branches. It is also known by the name of spider diagram.

但是，思维导图不仅仅是一个杂乱无章的图表。它是一个旨在 well-structured organized diagram 和 aid the thinking process 进程的 streamline the analysis and synthesis 。创建思维导图的准则如下。

However, mind map is not a mere haphazard diagram. It is a well-structured organized diagram meant to aid the thinking process and to streamline the analysis and synthesis process. The guidelines to create a mind map are as follows.

Guidelines to Create Mind Maps

Begin with the problem statement at the center of a blank white page.
Use images, different colors, symbols, caricatures, abbreviations and codes to depict your ideas. Text can be boring, but different depictions can add an altogether different charm to your mind map.
Keywords must replace long statements. The mind map must give a hint to the design thinker about an idea quickly. Reading a long statement is waste of time.
Each and every word written in the mind map must be connected to the central hub by some or other line or set of lines.
Use multiple colors for visual stimulation.
Use radial hierarchy and make use of emphasis, italics, and underlines to stress on a point.

也可以借助草图、屏幕和故事板来构思流程。公司组织中有一些团队有很大的白板，他们使用便利贴将他们的想法贴在上面。不同类别的想法用不同颜色的便利贴表示，这有助于对想法进行分类。

Ideate process can also be done with the help of sketches, screens, and storyboards. There are teams in corporate organizations which have large whiteboards and they paste their ideas on it using sticky notes. Different categories of ideas are represented in sticky notes of different colors and this helps in segregation of ideas.

设计思维过程中的构思步骤背后的主要思想是产生想法并尝试将它们分类。这有助于在没有评判的情况下进行头脑风暴，有助于将所有想法带到讨论桌上，并帮助进行称为“原型制作”的下一步，在该步骤中，会检查想法的可行性和价值。

The main idea behind the ideate step in design thinking process is to generate ideas and try to segregate them into categories. This helps in brainstorming without judgment, helps in bringing all the ideas to the table and helps proceed to the next step called ‘Prototyping’, where the ideas are checked for their feasibility and value.

让我们设法构思 DT 问题。

Let’s try to ideate the DT problem.

让我们提出所有想法。一些想法可以如下。

Let’s bring out all the ideas. Some of the ideas can be as follows.

Have a different mechanism for appraisal of employees.
Organize events that feature team-building activities. This will help boost the morale of employees and will make them work in a team in a better fashion.
Discard the appraisal system.
Paste motivational posters in cubicles and pantry area.
Call a motivational speaker and conduct a session.
Encourage fellow employees to take the onus of motivating other employees.
Introduce a bond period for the employees so that they don’t leave soon.
Eliminate knowledge transfer program.
Ask only for expert employees to join the organization.
Ask employees to fend for themselves for knowledge transfer.
Conduct large classroom sessions with a huge audience listening to one instructor.
Make an online document for knowledge transfer program.
Make video tutorials.
Have online instructor teaching across geographies.

而且这个清单无休无止…。

And the list goes on endlessly….

你甚至可以提出更多更好的想法。想法的产生是没有止境的。

You can come up with even more and better ideas. There is no limit to the generation of ideas.

以学校为例。知识转移计划与学校教学生没有什么不同。学校如何设法让学生保持对学习的积极性？学校是如何教孩子的？

Take for example the case of schools. The knowledge transfer program is nothing much different than schools teaching the students. How does a school manage to keep the students motivated towards studies? How does a school teach the kids?

如果我们进行类比，我们就会明白在学校里，一位老师在一个教室里教大约 30-40 名孩子。为了让他们专注于学习，会定期进行考试。使用数字技术，智能教室使用视频、演示文稿和音频辅助工具来教孩子。

If we draw the analogy, we would understand that in schools, a single teacher teaches around 30-40 kids in a classroom. To keep them focused on studies, exams are conducted periodically. Using digital technology, smart classrooms teach kids using videos, presentations, and audio aids.

这种模式也可以在 DT 公司中复制。我们可以让一位讲师在视频和演示文稿的帮助下教授新员工。一场监考考试将有助于评估新员工的学习水平。

The same model can be replicated in DT company as well. We can have a single instructor teaching the new employees with the help of videos and presentations. A proctored exam will help to assess the learning levels of the new employees.

Design Thinking - Prototype Stage

此步骤涉及构思想法并检查其可行性以得出最终解决方案。此步骤主要考虑三件事。

This step deals with building the ideas and checking for their feasibility to arrive at the final solution. This is the step in which three things are mainly taken care of.

Creation of experience
Getting feedback
Iteration

原型制作步骤使最终用户参与其中。最终用户积极参与设计思维的这一部分。设计思维人员根据收到的批评、建议和赞赏，从客户那里获得所有反馈，然后迭代设计思维的前三个步骤（即移情、定义和构思），从而创造出更好的解决方案。

The step of prototyping is the one in which the end user comes into picture. The end user is actively involved in this component of design thinking. All the feedback is taken from the customer, and based on the criticisms, suggestions, and appreciations received, the design thinkers create a better solution after iterating the process of design thinking’s first three steps, viz. Empathize, Define, and Ideate.

原型制作要求思考者创造有形的成果，这些成果可能是精确解决方案的小规模模型。

Prototyping requires thinkers to create tangible products, which can be small-scale models of the exact solution.

Primary Guidelines for Prototyping

Take the first step and start to build the prototype. Don’t procrastinate.
Don’t waste too much of time on building a single prototype.
The prototypes must be built with the end user in mind.
The prototype must not be a mere piece of trash; it must create an experience for the user.
Think of open questions that the user can shoot towards you when he experiences the prototype.

原型仅针对最终用户。如果用户对原型不感到舒适和满意，那么原型就没有价值。一旦开发出原型，下一步如下。

The prototype is meant solely for the end user. There is no value in the prototype in case the user does not feel comfortable and satisfied with it. Once the prototype has been developed, the next steps are as follows.

Take the end user through the prototype and let him/her experience it completely.
Throughout the experience, make the user speak about his moment-by-moment experience. This will help you, as a design thinker, to capture the minute details of the experience.
Try to actively observe and enthusiastically engage with the user during the experience.
Once the experience is over, follow up with the user who had the experience with a set of questions. It will be better if the set of questions is not impromptu and is prepared beforehand.

我们来看看 DT 示例。

Let’s have a look at the DT example.

知识转移计划无法取消，因为它不智，原因是无法事先假设所有新员工都拥有足够的技术行业知识。向每位新员工提供知识转移计划被认为是良好的 HR 实践。即使我们对此提出质疑，我们也会发现，假设求职者早已拥有所有知识，反而会伤害我们自己。

Knowledge transfer program cannot be eliminated as it is not wise to assume that all new employees will possess adequate knowhow of the technologies in the industry beforehand. It is considered to be a good HR practice to provide a knowledge transfer program to each new employee. Even if we question this, we can find that the assumption that applicants for a job will already possess all the knowledge can fire back at us.

此外，要求员工激励其他同事可能不可持续，因为员工会过度依赖此项目来管理问题。对于员工会以激励为名说什么，将不会有任何监管，因此，员工甚至可能最终会煽动其他人离开公司。

Moreover, asking the employees to motivate other fellow employees can be unsustainable as there will be too much of reliance of employees for managing this issue. There will be no regulation over what employees might say in the name of motivation, and hence, employees can even end up inciting others to leave the company.

目前，知识转移计划的最佳选择是设置一个 classroom session ，这样很多人就可以同时学习。这将降低成本和简化知识转移计划，使其同时变得有效。此外，如果团队建设活动在公司外部进行，则可能会增加公司的预算。

The best option for knowledge transfer program, at present, is to have a classroom session where many people can study at once. This will reduce the cost and streamline the knowledge transfer program making it effective as well. Moreover, team-building activities can add to the budget of the company if done outside the premises.

然而，在工作时间之外在公司内部进行的小型活动可以帮助促进员工之间的团队建设。这种纽带可以帮助他们作为团队团结在一起，并更长时间地留在公司。励志海报和及时的赞赏也可以有所帮助。

However, small activities outside the working hours inside the company itself can help in team-building amongst employees. This bond can help to make them stay together as a team and stay longer in the company. Motivational posters and timely appreciation can also help.

Final Prototype

因此，我们的原型如下。我们可以翻新公司场所的一个小部分，例如，在公司大厦一楼的一小部分，其墙壁上贴有励志海报。团队建设活动将进行一周，并将从员工那里获得反馈，了解他们对此有何感受。我们需要了解他们是否愿意在 DT 内进行这样的活动。

So, our prototype looks like this. We can renovate a small section of the company’s premise, for example, a small section in the ground floor of a building of the company, which will have motivational posters pasted on walls. A set of team-building activities willbe conducted for a week and feedback will be taken from the employees on how they felt about it. We need to understand if they felt happy to have such an activity inside DT.

同时，可以为所有新入职员工组织为期一周的单一教师指导课堂教学环节，并可以根据课堂满意度获取反馈。考试也将检验他们的学习水平。

In the meantime, a single instructor led classroom session can be organized for a week for all new joinees and feedback can be taken on their level of satisfaction over the session. An exam will check their learning levels as well.

以此类推，可以创建许多其他原型用于测试。

Along similar lines, many other prototypes can be created for testing.

Design Thinking - Test Stage

此阶段也称为 'Execute’ 。这是在全面基础上测试最终解决方案的阶段。在原型阶段，根据客户和最终用户的反馈看来最好的想法将被执行。在此步骤中，设计思维者应该 collaborative and agile 。

This phase is also called as 'Execute’. This is the phase where the final solution is tested on a full scale basis. The idea that seems the best according to the feedback of the customers and end users in the prototype phase will be executed. In this step, the design thinkers are supposed to be collaborative and agile.

测试将有助于了解实际上什么有效，什么无效。如果原型试验成功并产生了积极的结果，那么这可能是最令人欣慰的一步；但如果原型试验失败，则可能是最令人烦恼的一步。在测试之后，可能必须重复整个设计思维过程。如果最终用户认可解决方案，那么设计思维过程在此停止。

Testing will help to understand what actually works and what does not. This step can be the most rewarding, if the prototypes succeed to give positive results, or can be the most annoying, if the prototype fails. After testing, the entire process of design thinking may have to be repeated. If the end user approves the solution, then the process of design thinking stops here.

Iterate Phase

如果最终用户对结果不满意，则设计思维者需要结合上一次测试阶段的见解来构建一个新的问题定义，并且必须以更好的方式再次与最终用户产生移情。构思过程将被重复，然后进行原型制作和另一轮测试。如果测试阶段再次未能产生积极的结果，则必须进行另一轮迭代。这样，设计思维的过程也可以无限延伸。

If the end-user is not satisfied with the results, the design thinker will need to frame a new problem definition by incorporating the insights from the last Test phase and will have to again empathize in a better way with the end user. Ideate process will be repeated, followed by prototyping and another round of Testing. If Test phase fails to give positive results again, another round of iteration will have to be done. This way, the process of design thinking can stretch infinitely as well.

让我们看看 DT 的问题。

Let’s take a look at the DT problem.

假设原型已经为小规模模型提供了积极的结果。然后，我们可以在整个公司大楼内在大规模上复制该模型。我们可能也可以将它带到所有建筑物中。墙壁上将贴有激励海报，并将开展团队建设活动。此外，借助数字技术的课堂会话将有助于推动我们原型的发展。

Suppose the prototype has given us positive results for the small scale model. We can then replicate the model on a larger scale inside the entire company building. We can perhaps take it to all the buildings as well. Motivational posters will be pasted over the walls and team-building activities will be conducted. Moreover, classroom session aided with digital technology will be instrumental in driving our prototype forward.

有时候可能出现一些问题。比如，在公司基地之外的客户所在地工作的员工可能会觉得自己被抛弃了，因为他们无法参加在公司基地内举行的活动。这些人还可以要求在 DT 客户的办公室举行类似的活动，但由于客户可能不会授予许可，这可能无法实现。

There can be cases where some problems may arise. For instance, an employee who works at the client location outside the company’s premises may feel left out since he/she cannot participate in the activities that happens inside the company premises. Such people can also ask for similar activities in the offices of DT’s client, which may not be possible since the client may not grant permission.

但是，课堂教学可能适用于某些技术方面的辅导。比如，可以为 DT 的新员工通过大型课堂教学传授一种软件工具，但操作机器需要每位员工在仔细的个人监管下学习技术。这种模式不会在与操作大型机器有关的区域中出现。为了获得实践经验，员工需要指导员为他们提供个人关注。为此，要么需要大量指导员，要么延长知识传授计划的持续时间，这会导致成本增加。

However, classroom sessions may work for tutoring on some technologies. For instance, a software tool can be taught to the new employees of DT via huge classroom session, but operating machines requires each employee to learn the techniques under careful personal supervision. This model won’t find place in the areas were the operations deal with operating large machines. For getting hands-on experience, the employees will need to have the instructor giving them individual attention. For this, either a large number of instructors are required or the duration of knowledge transfer program has to be increased, which will lead to increase in costs.

设计思想家需要起草新的问题定义，并将进行头脑风暴讨论，以找到解决新问题的构想，并在公司内实施统一的解决方案。

The design thinkers will need to draft a new problem definition and will have to brainstorm for ideas to solve the new issue and to have a uniform solution implemented across the company.

Design Thinking - D-Rev Example

D-Rev 是一家非营利性发展公司。它为每天生活费低于 4 美元的人设计、开发并交付产品。他们的项目涉及机动性、新生儿健康、农业、医疗保健以及其他几个领域。

D-Rev is a non-profit development company. It designs, develops, and delivers products to people who live below $4 a day. Their projects are in the field of mobility, newborn’s health, agriculture, healthcare, and a few other domains.

他们的产品是设计思想流程的结果。该组织推动设计流程的各个方面，从确定具有重大影响力的机会到扩大其影响力。其流程如下。

Their products have been a result of design thinking process. The organization drives all the aspects of design process, from identification of high impact opportunities to scaling up its impact. Its process is as follows.

Identify − The organization identifies high impact opportunities that can increase the incomes or health of more than 1 million people who live on less than $4 a day.
Design − The design of products take place considering the fact that it must be capable of meeting the target customers’ needs. This step takes care of manufacturing, distribution, and servicing.
Deliver − The products are integrated into the market to maximize and sustain the impact. These products are delivered to the users.
Scale and Measure − Maximum global impact requires scaling up. The organization also measures if the product is reaching the people and places in need of the products.

该组织想出了一个创新的主意 ReMotion Knee 。这是一个为发展中国家的截肢者提供的高性能膝关节。该团队意识到全球超过 30,000,000 people need mobility devices 的机动性问题。全球约有 80% 的截肢者无法获得现代假肢。

The organization has come up with an innovative idea of ReMotion Knee. This is a high performance knee joint for the amputees of the developing world. The team realized the issue that globally over 30,000,000 people need mobility devices for their locomotion. Around 80% of the amputees globally don’t have access to modern prosthetics.

现有的低成本膝盖给用户带来了许多机动性限制。D-Rev 使用设计原则，提出了一种名为“ReMotion Knee”的解决方案。该设备耐用、防水、重量轻，且价格实惠。其价格低于 80 美元。通用设计、降噪功能和其他特性使其成为截肢者的理想解决方案。

Existing low cost knees throw up a lot of limitations to mobility to the users. Using design principles, D-Rev came up with a solution called ‘ReMotion Knee’. The device is durable, water resistant, and lightweight along with being affordable. Its price is below $80. The universal design, noise dampening facility, and other features make it a good solution for amputees.

同样，设计原则帮助 D-Rev 为由黄疸等疾病导致的新生儿死亡找到了一个解决方案。每年，约有 600 万新生儿无法接受他们必须接受足够治疗，以摆脱严重的黄疸。目前的治疗设备非常昂贵。低成本医院和诊所中的 95% 的设备不符合美国儿科学会制定的标准。

Similarly, design principles helped D-Rev to come up with a solution for the death of newborn babies due to diseases like jaundice. Every rear, around 6 million babies don’t receive the adequate treatment that they must receive to survive severe jaundice. Current treatment devices are quite expensive. 95% of the devices in the low-cost hospitals and clinics did not meet the standards set forth by American Academy of Pediatrics.

由 D-Rev 的创新思想带来的产品 ‘Brilliance’ 旨在解决患有最重疾病的儿童接受治疗的医院中的这一问题。该产品需要最少的维护，这有助于节省成本。它节能，并有望解决新生儿死亡问题。

The product called ‘Brilliance’ brought by the innovative minds of D-Rev is set to solve this issue in hospitals where the sickest kids are treated. The product needs minimal maintenance, which helps to save cost. It is energy efficient and holds the promise of solving the issue of newborn deaths.

DRev 也解决了非洲人们，尤其是儿童死于疟疾的问题。此外，该非营利组织还意识到每天生活费低于 4 美元的农民无法获得有关最新农业实践和技术的适当信息。但是，对最新农业实践和技术的了解可以成倍地增加这些农民的收入。比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会资助了 Access for Agriculture，这是一项比较概况研究。

The problem of people, especially kids, dying of malaria in Africa was also addressed by DRev. Moreover, the non-profit organization also realized that the farmers who live below $4 a day cannot afford access to appropriate information on the latest farming practices and technologies. However, the awareness of the latest farming practices and technologies can increase the income of these farmers by manifolds. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation funded the Access for Agriculture, which was a comparative landscape study.

D-Rev 调查了 12 种可用的设备，以了解其成本和特性。还征求了农民的反馈。这项实验发生在印度。D-Rev 有兴趣创造一个经济实惠且有效的解决方案，为农民提供最新的农业实践和技术。

D-Rev surveyed 12 available devices for information on their cost and features. The farmers’ feedback was also taken. This experiment happened in India. D-Rev was interested in creating an affordable and effective solution to provide the farmers with the latest farming practices and technologies.

D-Rev 还开展了许多其他项目。D-Rev 仍然是设计思维成功的一个主要示例。

A number of other projects were also taken up by D-Rev. D-Rev remains as one of the leading examples of design thinking success.

Design Thinking - Education Sector

设计思维发现大量应用的一个领域是教育行业。如今，教育工作者正在广泛使用设计思维来提高学校中的教育质量，尤其是在幼儿园的课堂中。设计思维已被用于学校来升级课程，或重新设计学生空间或使学生获得有价值的整体体验。

One domain in which design thinking finds a huge application is the education sector. These days, educators are using design thinking extensively to improve the quality of education in schools, especially in the kindergarten classes. Design thinking has been used in schools to upgrade the curriculum, or to redesign the student spaces or to make the entire experience of the students worthwhile.

设计思维帮助学校管理者解决以机构为基础的问题，有助于使课程对学生更有价值，并且还可以培养学生的批判性思维技能。

Design thinking helps the school administrators to solve institution-based problems, helps in making the curriculum more valuable to the students and to engender design thinking skills in students as well.

REDLab Group

斯坦福大学教育研究生院有一个 REDLab 小组，负责研究如何将设计思维应用于幼儿园、1 至 12 年级、中学和中学后学术环境。REDLab 小组与哈索·普拉特纳研究所合作创建了哈索·普拉特纳设计思维研究计划，该计划的工作是应用严格的学术方法来理解设计思维计划成功和失败的原因。

Stanford University’s Graduate School of Education has a REDLab group which conducts research on how to apply design thinking in kindergarten, 1st to 12th grade, secondary and post-secondary academic settings. The REDLab group has teamed up with Hasso Plattner Institute to create Hasso Plattner Design Thinking Research Program, which works for applying rigorous academic methods to understand the reasons behind the success and failure of design thinking programs.

在学校中，学生通常以问答测验、填空或匹配案例类型问题的形式参加考试。所有这些都不会让学生为一个复杂且比单纯的事实更多的东西做准备。

In schools, students normally attempt exams in the form of question-answers based test, fill in the blanks or match case type of questions. All these don’t prepare the students for a society that is complex and has much more to it than plain facts.

Tools at Schools

学校工具小组曾经与哥伦比亚大学学校的八年级学生进行了一次活动。该活动包括重新设计储物柜、椅子或书桌以满足 21 世纪学生的要求。此次活动应用了设计思维，结果在国际当代家具博览会上展出。设计思维还帮助学生学习如何协作团队合作。

The Tools at Schools group once conducted an activity with the 8th grade students in The School at Columbia University. The activity included redesigning a locker, chair or desk to suit the requirements of 21st century students. Design thinking was applied in this activity and the results were displayed in International Contemporary Furniture Fair. Design thinking also helps the pupils to learn how to work collaboratively in a team.

Degrees and Certification in Design Thinking

设计思维在教育行业中变得如此流行，以至于拉德福德大学已经开始提供设计思维方面的美术硕士学位。它是一个在线学位，强调设计原则和设计方法。

Design thinking has become so popular in the education sector that Radford University has begun offering a Master of Fine Arts degree in design thinking. It is an online degree emphasizing of design principles and design methodologies.

新加坡的维多利亚-雪松联盟提供为期六年的想象工程计划。该计划为学生提供了一个机会，让他们可以更深入地了解社会问题、培养同理心并努力改善同胞的生活。

The Victoria-Cedar Alliance in Singapore offers a six-year Imagineering Program. This program offers an opportunity for the students to gain a deeper understanding of social issues, develop empathy and work to improve the lives of fellow human beings.

在教育中，设计思维帮助学生理解他们可以通过借鉴其他领域中的框架来创造自己的未来。这使他们能够设计自己的经验和参与。

In education, design thinking helps the students to understand that they can create their own future by borrowing frameworks from other areas. This enables them to design their own experiences and participation.

设计思维在教学法中也有帮助。通过学习他人的经历，而不是仅仅阅读书中的内容，教师可以轻松地找到解决方案。协作活动帮助教师以更好的方式向孩子们传授这些概念。

Design thinking also helps in pedagogy. Teachers find it easy to find solutions by learning from the experiences of others, rather than just reading contents of a book. The collaborative activities help the teachers to teach the concepts in a better fashion to the kids.

Design Thinking - Social Innovation

社会问题永远是复杂的问题，涉及太多的方面。社会创新者常常忽视问题的某些方面。然而，解决社会问题需要考虑所有事实和数据，然后对其采取行动。这就是设计思维被广泛用于社会创新的原因。因此，非营利组织近年来开始广泛使用设计思维。

Social issues are always complex problems, which have too many strands attached to them. There are too many aspects of a problem, that many a times get ignored by the social innovators. However, solving a social problem requires taking into consideration all the facts and figures, and then working on them. This is the reason why design thinking is being widely used for social innovation. As a result, non-profits have begun to use design thinking extensively these days.

IDEO Example

2008 年，比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会要求 IDEO 将设计思维的过程编纂成书。该基金会希望基层 NGO 能够利用该书为发展中国家的农民解决问题。IDEO 的一个团队与国际妇女研究中心、国际乐施会和国际发展企业合作，历时数月深入了解设计新产品的过程。这些产品、工艺和服务将与 IDEO 的新流程相整合。

In 2008, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation asked IDEO to codify the process of design thinking. The foundation wanted the code to be used by grassroots level NGOs to solve problems for small farmers in the developing nations. A team from IDEO worked for months in association with the International Center for Research on Women, Heifer International, and International Development Enterprise to get insights into the process of designing new products. These products, processes, and services were to be integrated with IDEO’s new process.

通过这项合作计划，开发了以人为本设计工具包。这种方法使组织能够自己使用设计思维流程。

As a result of this partnership program, the Human Centered Design Toolkit was developed. This methodology allowed organizations to use design thinking process themselves.

Naandi Foundation’s Example

在印度海得拉巴市，南迪基金会社区净水厂提供安全用水。然而，村民仍在使用不安全且会致人疾病的免费水。村民们使用不安全的水并不是因为 affordability issues or accessibility issues ，而是因为该系统整体设计存在缺陷。

In the city of Hyderabad in India, Naandi Foundation’s community water treatment plant provides safe water. However, villagers still use free water which is not safe for consumption and makes people sick. The villagers use unsafe water not because of affordability issues or accessibility issues, but because of the flaws in the overall design of the system.

问题在于妇女无法将重重的水箱从工厂搬回家。这种问题可以使用设计思维流程解决。将此视为一项练习，思考如何通过设计思维方法解决村民面临的这一问题。

The problem is that the womenfolk cannot bring the heavy containers of water back to their homes from the plant. Such problems can be solved by design thinking process. Consider it as an exercise to think of ideas how this problem faced by the villagers can be solved by design thinking methodology.

Case study − Embrace Baby Warmer

设计思维提供了一个 collaborative, human centered approach 来解决一些世界上最紧迫的问题。斯坦福大学学生团队给出的 Embrace Baby Warmer 就是一个针对新生儿提供六小时恒温的解决方案。该解决方案帮助全球 22,000 多名低出生体重婴儿保持温暖。在尼泊尔，低出生体重婴儿往往会因孵化器故障而出现致命的体温过低。没有电力的地区都在遭受这个问题的困扰。

Design thinking gives a collaborative, human centered approach to solve some of the most pressing issues of the world. The Embrace Baby Warmer is a solution that a team of students from Stanford University came up with to solve the issue of providing a maintained temperature for six hours to a newborn baby. This has helped more than 22,000 low birth weight babies around the world to stay warm. In Nepal, low birth weight babies often developed fatal hypothermia because of the dysfunctional incubators. The areas which lacked electricity were suffering from this problem.

学生们使用设计思维方法，想出了一个创新性的解决方案。他们为新生儿开发的睡袋便携且不需要用电。这样一来，无需依赖孵化器就能挽救生命。

Using design thinking methodology, the students came up with an innovative solution. The sleeping bag which they developed for newborns is portable and does not need electricity. This way, lives are saved without any dependency on incubators.

设计思维强调快速制作解决方案的原型并对其进行测试，以便设计人员能够快速获得反馈，并尽快根据建议进行修改。斯坦福大学学生过去在孟加拉国、尼泊尔、印度、巴基斯坦等国家创造了许多社会创新案例，并且许多案例仍在进行中。设计思维帮助各学科的人员尝试寻找解决方案来解决世界各地紧迫的形势和问题。

Design thinking puts stress on quickly prototyping the solution and tests it so that the designers can take feedback quickly and work on the suggestion at the earliest. There have been many examples of social innovation in the past by the students of Stanford University in countries like Bangladesh, Nepal, India, Pakistan, etc. and many are still ongoing. Design thinking helps people from all disciplines to try and look out for solutions to the pressing situations and problems of the world around.

Design Thinking - IT Industry

几十年来，信息技术 (IT) 行业在全球蓬勃发展。该行业在全球范围内雇用了大量人员，并且每天都是创新的中心。IT 行业现在主要在 Agile methodology 上工作，这是一种项目管理技术。

The Information Technology (IT) industry has been booming across the world since a few decades. The industry employs a large number of people across the globe and is the hub for innovation every day. The IT industry is now working mostly on Agile methodology, which is a technique of project management.

敏捷是管理开发和设计的 an iterative or incremental method 。每一天，工程师都有一组任务需要完成，他们需要在一两天内完成这些任务。此外，客户向工程师提出的复杂问题需要快速解决。在这种情况下，设计思维有助于解决问题并满足客户的确切需求。

Agile is an iterative or incremental method of managing development and design. Each day, the engineers have a set of tasks at hand, which they are required to complete in a day or two. Moreover, the complex problems shot by the customers to the engineers are required to be solved quickly. In such a scenario, design thinking helps to solve the problems and address the exact needs of the customer.

解决客户问题需要通过观察示例用例或场景来进行直观思考和理解。不鼓励假设和理论。这种直观理解是由设计思维原则开发的。在从客户那里获得问题陈述后，工程师应该对想法进行头脑风暴，并向客户提出解决方案。

Solving the customers’ problems requires an intuitive thinking and understanding by observing exemplary use cases or scenarios. Hypotheses and theories are not encouraged. This intuitive understanding is developed by design thinking principles. After getting the problem statement from the client, the engineers are supposed to brainstorm on ideas and suggest solutions to the client.

在考虑想法之前，工程师必须进行深入的要求收集。这有助于了解客户的确切需求，也有助于使分析和综合变得更容易。在与敏捷模型不同的 Waterfall model 中，该过程从需求收集开始，然后创建可视化设计，然后进行解决方案的开发。测试是模型中的最后一步。仔细观察，它类似于设计思维的过程。

Before ideas can be thought of, it is imperative for the engineers to do an in-depth requirements gathering. This helps to understand the exact needs of the client and also helps to make the analysis and synthesis easier. In a Waterfall model, which is different than the Agile model, the process starts with requirements gathering, followed by creating the visual designs and then occurs the development of solution. Testing is the last step in the model. Looking closely, it is similar to the process of design thinking.

如今，IT 工程师应该以客户感受到的确切方式理解问题陈述。否则，解决方案和投入的时间都会失败。一旦收集了需求，开发人员才能开始考虑编程解决方案。

The IT engineers today are supposed to understand the problem statement in the exact manner as felt by the client. Otherwise, both the solution and the time invested will fail. Once requirements have been gathered, only then can the developers start thinking of programmatic solutions.

开发的解决方案将发送给客户体验。客户提供的反馈有助于设计人员和开发人员迭代软件开发流程。设计思维已被广泛用于 IT 公司中，以针对客户问题集思广益解决方案。软件开发的 advantages of using design thinking in IT industry 如下。

The solutions that are developed are sent for the client’s experience. The feedback given by the client helps the designers and developers to iterate the process of software development. Design thinking has been used extensively in IT companies to brainstorm for solutions towards customer’s problems. The advantages of using design thinking in IT industry for software development are as follows.

The solutions are prototyped.
The results are verified.
The best solutions are accepted.
The solutions are experienced by the client before approval.
Short iterations are possible to improve the user experience.
Small cross-functional teams.
Incremental delivery is possible.
Fast feedback helps the designers and developers.
Continuous improvement is possible.

在 IT 行业中，设计思维原则的使用已如此普及，以至于当今像 Infosys 这样的世界知名公司已将其员工在全球范围内学习设计思维课程并获得设计思维者认证作为一项强制性要求。

The use of design thinking principles have grown so much in the IT industry that nowadays world-renowned companies like Infosys have made it mandatory for its employees across the globe to undergo design thinking courses and get certified as a design thinker.

设计思维的概念对于开发软件解决方案的过程至关重要，该解决方案针对客户的确切需求，并且具有根据客户提供的反馈在迭代过程中进行修改的灵活性。

The concept of design thinking is central to the process of developing software solutions, which target the exact needs of the customer and have the flexibility of getting modified in an iteration process based on the feedback given by the client.

Design Thinking - Health Care Industry

设计思维已被证明是医疗保健中非常有用的工具。医疗保健是一个有很多流程和很多创新空间的领域。每天都会出现新颖的技术，以改善世界各国的医疗保健状况。医疗保健的最终用户永远是那些需要和应得最佳医疗保健设施的人。

Design thinking has proven to be a very useful tool for healthcare. Healthcare is one area where there are a lot of processes in place and a lot of scope for innovation. On a daily basis, new innovative techniques are coming up to improve the healthcare condition of the countries across the world. The end users of healthcare are always those who need and deserve the best healthcare facilities.

设计思维肯定可以帮助医疗保健专家找到困扰医疗保健体系的解决方案。对每个医疗保健专家来说，基本的问题是“如何为每个人提供低廉且负担得起的优质医疗保健？”

Design thinking can certainly help the healthcare experts to come up with solutions that plague the healthcare system. The basic question for every healthcare expert is ‘how to provide quality healthcare at low and affordable prices to everyone?’

Case Study - Venice Family Clinic

前几节中引用的 Venice Family Clinic 的示例是最值得引用示例。Venice Family Clinic 的创新者发现，赛车场的维修人员以协调一致的方式工作，以节省每一秒钟。他们认为如果这种模式可以在诊所的接待区复制。然后他们提出了让接待移动的想法。这个想法是让某人带着 iPad 或平板电脑走到患者面前，并单独欢迎每位患者。

The example of Venice Family Clinic, cited in one of the earlier sections, is the best example to be quoted. The innovators at Venice Family Clinic found that the pit crews at auto races worked in a coordinated manner to save every fraction of a second. They thought if this model could be replicated in the reception area of the clinic. They then came up with the idea of making the reception mobile. The idea was to have someone walk up with an iPad or a tablet to the patient and welcome each of the patients individually.

他们与帕萨迪纳的艺术中心设计学院和托伦斯的 Houston/Tyner 建筑公司进行了合作，并且在未来儿童诊所的区域内模拟了整个想法。医疗保健提供者和运营人员实际上可以轻松地四处走动并扮演各自的角色。

They collaborated with the Art Centre College of Design in Pasadena and architects from Houston/Tyner in Torrance, and they simulated the entire idea in the area of a future children’s clinic. The healthcare providers and operation staff could actually move about easily and play their respective roles.

Case study - Eric Duncan

德克萨斯健康长老会医院达拉斯分院的急诊部门观察到了类似的经历，一位名叫艾瑞克•邓肯的患者报告了低度发烧、眩晕和疼痛等症状。他后来被诊断出患有埃博拉病毒。当他第一次被诊断出时，医生们怎么会没有看出埃博拉病毒的症状呢？电子健康记录（EHR）也受到了检查，发现没有问题。

A similar experience was observed in the emergency department of Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, where a patient called Eric Duncan reported with a few symptoms like low-grade fever, dizziness, and pain. He was later diagnosed with Ebola. How could the doctors miss the symptoms of Ebola when he was first diagnosed? The Electronic Health Record (EHR) was checked and was found to be flawless too.

问题在于 EHR 系统仅在患者遵循 EHR 工作方式时才会起作用。因此，EHR 中的主要缺陷在于它的工程设计。现在重点在于了解系统可能如何被使用，然后根据这种理解创建该系统。

The problem was that the EHR system worked only when the patients conformed the way they worked to the way EHR worked. The major flaw, hence, in EHR was that it was engineered. Now stress was put on gaining an understanding of how a system is likely to be used and then create the system in accordance with that understanding.

Case Study - Access to Clean Water

根据 IDEO 首席执行官蒂姆•布朗的说法，设计思维在医疗保健领域非常重要。在一次 TEDMED 演讲中，他问道，如何让农村地区的人们更好地获得干净的饮用水，同时为当地供水商带来创新。他的团队与印度 11 家供水商合作，集思广益讨论了如何在供水中带来创新。

According to Tim Brown, the CEO of IDEO, design thinking in healthcare is important. In one of TEDMED talks, he asked how can there be better access to clean drinking water for people from rural areas and at the same time, usher in innovation for local water providers. His team teamed with 11 water providers across India, brainstormed on how to bring innovation in water supply.

在供应商之间举行了一场比赛。其中五家供应商获得了对其想法的种子基金，这有助于购买新车辆、新设备等。在印度的另一个案例中，一家非政府组织发现，通过更好的水过滤系统和良好的运输设施，干净水的订阅量增加了四倍。这些例子说明了设计思维如何能够在医疗保健领域提供帮助。

A competition was held amongst the providers. Five of these providers were provided seed funding for their ideas and this helped in buying new vehicles, new equipment, etc. In another case, in India, an NGO found that with better water filtration systems and good transport facilities, the subscription to clean water increased fourfold. These examples show how design thinking can help in healthcare.

Design Thinking - Conclusion

设计思维的概念可以应用于各个学科。从教育、法律和医学到 ICT、企业管理、人力资源管理和设计本身，设计思维原则使专业人士能够以循序渐进的方式处理问题陈述，并考虑到得出最佳解决办法的所有必要因素。

The concept of design thinking can be applied across diverse disciplines. From education, law, and medicine to ICT, business management, human resource management and design itself, design thinking principles enable and empower a professional to approach the problem statement in a step-by-step manner and take into account all the necessary factors for arriving at the best solution.

设计思维的基础建立于分析和综合的概念上。分析教给思考者如何将大型问题陈述分解为更小的部分和问题陈述。然后研究每一个基本问题陈述并尝试解决。综合是将所有提出的解决办法组合在一起，形成一个连贯而宏大的最终解决办法。

Design thinking has its foundation in the concept of analysis and synthesis. Analysis teaches a thinker how to break down the big problem statement into smaller parts and problem statements. Each elementary problem statement is then studied and attempted for solution. Synthesis is done to put all the suggested solutions together to form a coherent big final solution.

在分析过程中， divergent thinking 得到应用，并针对每一个基本问题陈述构思出多种解决办法。提出的解决办法不必是可行或有效的。发散思维的主要目的是尽可能多地提出想法。

During analysis, divergent thinking is applied and multiple solutions are thought for each of the elementary problem statements. The suggested solutions need not be feasible or viable. The main aim of divergent thinking is to bring up as many ideas as possible to the table.

发散思维之后是 convergent thinking ，其中根据可行性、有效性和创新性对提出的想法进行测试。综合借助聚合思维来提出最终的最佳可能解决办法。

Divergent thinking is followed by convergent thinking, where the suggested ideas are tested on the grounds of feasibility, viability, and innovation. Synthesis takes the help of convergent thinking to come up with the final best possible solution.

设计思维的整个流程通常分为五个部分。这些部分是 −

The entire flow of design thinking is generally broken down into five components. These components are −

Empathize or Understand
Define
Ideate
Prototype
Test or Verify

在 Empathize stage 中，设计思维者设身处地为终端用户着想，并尝试了解客户的需求。需要大量的访谈、实地考察等来收集有关需求的信息。此阶段让客户直接参与设计思维过程。

In Empathize stage, the design thinker puts himself or herself into the shoes of the end user and tries to understand the needs of the customer. A lot of interview, field visits, etc. are required for gathering the information on the requirements. This phase has the customer directly involved in the design thinking process.

一旦需求明确， Define stage 有助于构建问题定义。问题成型本身就发生在这个阶段。

Once the requirements are clear, the Define stage helps to frame the problem definition. Problem shaping occurs in this phase itself.

在 Ideate phase 中，设计思维者集思广益，思考他人提出的想法，并提出自己的想法。不根据可行性或有效性对想法进行测试。

In the Ideate phase, a design thinker brainstorms on the ideas suggested by others and also brings forward his/her own ideas. The ideas are not tested on the grounds of feasibility or viability.

想法的涌入以思维导图、故事板或文档的形式表示。原型阶段，设计思维者专注于根据可行性和有效性测试想法。不可行想法被废弃，可行的想法被转换为原型。原型制作过程帮助设计思维者了解与想法相关的问题，这是以前从未想过的。这有助于设计思维者团队提出最佳原型并确定手头的最佳解决办法。此外，客户直接参与此阶段，其反馈对于设计思维者至关重要。

The influx of ideas is represented as a mind map or as a storyboard or a document. In the Prototype phase, a design thinker focuses on testing the ideas on the grounds of feasibility and viability. The unfeasible ideas are discarded and the feasible ones are converted to prototypes. The process of prototyping helps the design thinker to understand the issues related to an idea, which were never thought before. This helps the team of design thinkers to come up with the best prototype and decide the best solution at hand. Moreover, the customer is directly involved in this phase and its feedback is critical for the design thinkers.

在 Test phase 中，原型或 model is presented to the customer 由客户完全大规模体验。最终用户的反馈判断设计思考者建议的解决方案是否富有成效。如果最终用户不认可该解决方案，则必须对整个过程进行迭代。因此， iteration 的概念对于设计思考的过程至关重要。

In the Test phase, the prototype or the model is presented to the customer and the customer experiences it completely on a full scale. The feedback from the end user decides whether the solution suggested by the design thinkers has been fruitful or not. If the end user does not approve of the solution, then the entire process has to be iterated. The concept of iteration is hence central to the process of design thinking.

设计思考不仅有助于提出创新解决方案，还有助于解决客户面临的确切问题，并以最佳方式满足客户需求。

Design thinking not only helps to come up with innovative solutions, but also helps to address the exact problems faced by the customer and target the customer’s requirements in the best possible manner.