Computer Fundamentals 简明教程
Computer - Motherboard
What is a Computer Motherboard?
主板是一个电路板，固定在计算机的中央处理器 (CPU) 内。它可以视为将计算机的大多数基本组件集成的计算机系统。
A motherboard is a circuit board which is fixed inside the Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer. It can be considered as a computing system which integrates most of the essential components of a computer.
主板作为连接计算机所有部件的单一平台。它直接或通过电缆连接 CPU、内存、硬盘驱动器、光盘驱动器、显卡、声卡以及其他端口和扩展卡。它可以被认为是计算机的骨干。通常，它由玻璃纤维和铜制成。
A motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer. It connects the CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video cards, sound cards, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer. Generally, it is made up of fibreglass and copper.
主板安装在外壳内，并通过事先钻好的孔中的小型螺钉牢固地固定。主板包含用于连接所有内部组件的端口。它为 CPU 提供了一个单一插座，而对于内存，通常提供一个或多个插槽。主板提供端口以通过带状电缆连接软盘驱动器、硬盘驱动器和光盘驱动器。主板承载风扇和一个专为电源设计的特殊端口。
The motherboard is mounted inside the case and is securely attached via small screws through pre-drilled holes. The motherboard contains ports to connect all of the internal components. It provides a single socket for the CPU, whereas for memory, normally one or more slots are available. Motherboards provide ports to attach the floppy drive, hard drive, and optical drives via ribbon cables. The motherboard carries fans and a special port designed for power supply.
主板前面有一个外围卡插槽，可用于将显卡、声卡和其他扩展卡连接到主板。
There is a peripheral card slot in front of the motherboard using which video cards, sound cards, and other expansion cards can be connected to the motherboard.
在左侧，主板承载多个端口，用于连接显示器、打印机、鼠标、键盘、扬声器和网络电缆。主板还提供 USB 端口，允许将兼容的设备插入/拔出连接方式，例如 U 盘、数码相机等。
On the left side, motherboards carry several ports to connect the monitor, printer, mouse, keyboard, speaker, and network cables. Motherboards also provide USB ports, which allow compatible devices to be connected in a plug-in/plug-out fashion—for example, pen drives, digital cameras, etc.
Components of a Motherboard
主板由不同组件组成；一些主要组件如下 -
A motherboard is made up of different components; some of the primary elements are as follows −
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CPU Socket − It’s a major component which determines the processor connected to the system.
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Memory Slots − These slots allow connecting memory devices into it.
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Storage Connectors − These slots include Serial ATA ports to connect hard drives like hard drives and SSDs.
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ROM Slots − These slots allow ROM BIOS to connect.
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Chipset − It connects CPU, memory, storage and peripheral devices.
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Cooling fans − Cooling fans that maintain a suitable internal operating temperature.
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Peripheral connector − these include USB ports to connect peripheral devices.
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Audio Connectors − These allow audio input and output devices to work with analogue and digital audio signals.
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Network Connectors − These ports are used for wired network connections, or Wi-Fi to access the internet.
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Power connector − power connectors are used to connect external power sources. There are two basic types: the 24-pin ATX power connector and the 4 or 8-pin CPU power connector.
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BIOS/UEFI − The Basic Input / Output System (BIOS), also known as the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), is a type of firmware that initializes and tests hardware during the boot process; it also provides runtime services to operating systems and programs.
Features of Computer Motherboard
主板具有以下功能 −
A motherboard comes with the following features −
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Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
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The motherboard supports a single type of CPU and a few types of memory.
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Video cards, hard disks, and sound cards have to be compatible with the motherboard to function properly.
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Motherboards, cases, and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.
Types of Motherboards
不同类型的主板如下 −
Different types of Motherboards are as follows −
Advanced Technology (AT) motherboard
此主板是由 IBM 于 1984 年使用 IBM PC/AT 设计的。它在工业中得到最广泛的使用，并影响了许多后继主板的设计。此主板的物理尺寸较大，但不适用于小型台式电脑。
This motherboard was designed by IBM in 1984 with the IBM PC/AT. It was most widely used in industry and influenced the design of many subsequent motherboards. This motherboard has larger physical dimensions but is not suitable for smaller desktop computers.
最初的 AT 主板有 12 英寸×13.8 英寸（305 mm x 351 mm）的尺寸，按照现代标准，它们相对较大。AT 主板的配置没有标准化，导致制造商之间存在很大的差异。这常常导致气流不足和复杂的线缆管理。
The original AT motherboards were available in 12 inches × 13.8 inches (305 mm x 351 mm) in size, making them relatively large by modern standards. The configuration of AT motherboards was not standardized, resulting in major differences between manufacturers. This frequently resulted in inadequate airflow and complex cable management.
先进技术 (AT) 主板是个人计算机历史上的一个关键外形规格，它建立了影响后续设计的标准。然而，由于其大尺寸、布局复杂和集成受限，它最终被更加高效和用户友好的 ATX 规范所取代。
The Advanced Technology (AT) motherboard was a key form factor in the history of personal computing, establishing standards that impacted subsequent designs. However, due to its large size, convoluted layout, and restricted integration, it was eventually replaced by the more efficient and user-friendly ATX specification.
Standard ATX motherboard
ATX 表示高级技术扩展；它是英特尔在 20 世纪 90 年代创建的 AT 主板的扩展版本。由于其兼容性和可互换组件特性，它已成为台式机中使用最广泛的主板尺寸之一。标准 ATX 主板是一种流行的台式机外形尺寸，它提供了尺寸、能力和扩展性的良好组合。标准 ATX 主板通常大小为 305 mm x 244 mm（12 英寸 x 9.6 英寸）。此尺寸为组件和扩展卡槽提供了足够的空间。
ATX stands for advanced technology extended; it is an extended version of the AT motherboard that was created by Intel in the 1990s. It has become one of the most prevalent motherboard sizes used in desktop computers because of its compatibility and interchanged component features. A standard ATX motherboard is a popular desktop computer form factor that offers a good combination of size, capabilities, and expansion. Standard ATX motherboards are typically 305 mm x 244 mm (12 in x 9.6 in) in size. This size provides enough space for components and expansion slots.
ATX 主板采用通用布局以增强散热和组件放置。CPU 插槽通常位于主板顶部或中部，扩展插槽对齐以实现有效的冷却和轻松安装。
ATX motherboard uses a common layout to enhance ventilation and component placement. The CPU socket is normally located toward the top or middle of the board, with expansion slots aligned for effective cooling and simplicity of installation.
Micro ATX motherboard
Micro ATX 主板比标准 ATX 主板尺寸小，端口和插槽较少。这款主板更适合不需要太多连接和后续更新的用户。
Micro ATX motherboards are smaller in size and have limited ports and slots than the Standard ATX board. This motherboard is better suited to users who don’t desire too many connections and subsequent updates.
Micro ATX (mATX) 主板是传统 ATX 主板外形尺寸的较小版本。它经过专门设计，考虑了尺寸和功能，这使其非常适合紧凑型台式机构建，同时不会过多地牺牲可扩展性或速度。
Micro ATX (mATX) motherboards are smaller versions of the conventional ATX motherboard form factor. It has been specifically designed concerning size and features which make it ideal for compact desktop builds while not compromising too much expandability or speed.
Micro ATX 主板通常尺寸为 244 mm x 244 mm（9.6 英寸 x 9.6 英寸），比传统 ATX 小，但比 Mini-ITX 大。
Micro ATX motherboards typically have dimensions of 244 mm x 244 mm (9.6 in x 9.6 in), which are smaller than conventional ATX but larger than Mini-ITX.
Micro ATX 主板提供了大小、功能和可扩展性的正确组合，使其成为多种台式机配置的流行选择。它们为大多数用户提供了充足的 PCIe 插槽和连接选择，同时比典型的 ATX 主板更适合小型机箱。这使其适用于广泛的应用，包括游戏、娱乐和家庭办公室设备。
Micro ATX motherboards provide the right blend of size, capabilities, and expandability, making them a popular choice for a variety of desktop PC configurations. They provide ample PCIe slots and connectivity choices for most users while fitting in smaller cases than typical ATX boards. This makes them suited for a wide range of applications, including gaming, entertainment, and home office sets.
Extended ATX motherboard
Extended ATX (eATX) 主板是普通 ATX 主板的较大型号，旨在提供附加功能、更高的性能和更广泛的功能，例如多达 8 个 RAM 插槽，此外，还有更多的 PCIe（其中 e 表示 Express）和 PCI 插槽。
An Extended ATX (eATX) motherboard is a larger variant of the normal ATX motherboard that is intended to provide additional features, improved performance, and expanded functionality like up to eight RAM slots, additionally, a higher number of PCIe (where e is for Express) and PCI slots.
扩展 ATX (E-ATX) 主板的外形尺寸比传统的 ATX 主板更大，从而可以容纳更多组件和更多功能。E-ATX 主板通常尺寸为 305 mm x 330 mm（12 英寸 × 13 英寸）或更大。它们比常规 ATX 主板更宽，为更多组件和扩展插槽提供了足够的空间。
An extended ATX (E-ATX) motherboard has a larger form factor than a conventional ATX motherboard, allowing for more components and more capabilities. E-ATX motherboards often have dimensions of 305 mm x 330 mm (12 in × 13 in) or greater. They are broader than regular ATX boards, making sufficient space for more components and expansion slots.
E-ATX 主板的外形尺寸比普通 ATX 大，可以容纳更多组件、扩展插槽和功能。它们非常适合高性能台式机构建和需要灵活、性能和各种联网选项的爱好者系统。
E-ATX motherboards have a larger form factor than regular ATX, allowing for more components, expansion slots, and functionality. They are ideal for high-performance desktop builds and enthusiast systems that require flexibility, performance, and a wide range of networking options.
E-ATX 主板通常有几个 PCIe 插槽，包括几个用于高性能显卡的 PCIe x16 插槽和几个用于进一步扩展卡的 PCIe x1 插槽。
E-ATX motherboards typically have several PCIe slots, including several PCIe x16 slots for high-performance graphics cards and several PCIe x1 slots for further expansion cards.
Flex ATX motherboard
FlexATX 标准在尺寸和功能之间取得了平衡，使其成为需要在不牺牲功能的情况下使用小尺寸的项目中的流行选择。FlexATX 主板通常比普通 ATX 和 microATX 主板更小，尺寸为 229 mm x 191 mm（9 英寸 × 7.5 英寸）。
The FlexATX standard sets a balance between size and capability, making it a popular choice for projects that need a tiny footprint without sacrificing features. FlexATX motherboards are often smaller than normal ATX and microATX boards, with dimensions of 229 mm x 191 mm (9 in × 7.5 in).
尽管尺寸紧凑，FlexATX 主板可以提供广泛的功能，例如多个 USB 端口、集成音频和网络连接。但是，它们包含的端口和连接器可能比大型外形尺寸有限。
Despite their compact size, FlexATX motherboards can provide a wide range of functionality such as multiple USB ports, integrated audio, and network connectivity. However, they may contain limited ports and connectors than larger form factors.
Low-Profile EXtended (LPX) motherboard
这些是较旧的主板外形尺寸，在上世纪 80 年代末到 90 年代初非常流行。它专为低外形台式机机箱设计。LPX 主板的尺寸约为 330 mm x 229 mm（13 英寸 x 9 英寸），尽管可能有所不同。
These are comparatively older motherboard form factors that were popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It was designed for low-profile desktop cases. The dimensions of LPX motherboards include around 330 mm x 229 mm (13 in x 9 in), although these can vary.
LPX 主板的一个显着特点是使用了立管卡。立管卡使扩展卡能够与主板并行放置，从而降低了系统的整体高度。这种设计非常适合低外形台式机机箱。LPX 主板对计算机外形尺寸的演变产生了重大影响，尤其是在允许创建更小的台式机系统方面。但是，它随后被更现代和更适应性强的标准取代。
One of the distinguishing characteristics of LPX motherboards is the use of a riser card. The riser card enables expansion cards to be placed parallel to the motherboard, lowering the overall height of the system. This design was ideal for low-profile desktop cases. The LPX motherboard had a significant impact on the evolution of computer form factors, particularly in permitting the creation of smaller desktop systems. However, it has subsequently been replaced by more modern and adaptable standards.
BTX motherboard
BTX 代表平衡技术扩展。它由英特尔于 2003 年设计，以克服与 ATX 标准相关的限制和热问题。BTX 主板有不同的尺寸，包括传统、迷你和微型。标准 BTX 主板的典型尺寸为 325 mm x 267 mm（12.8 英寸 x 10.5 英寸）。它们与 ATX 主板布局不同。通过以一种方式排列关键的发热部件（例如 CPU 和 GPU），从而允许更有效的冷却，它们被创建用于优化气流和热管理。BTX 主板包括与 ATX 主板类似的功能和连接选项，例如多个 USB 端口、SATA 连接器、集成音频和网络接口。
BTX stands for balanced technology extended. It was designed by Intel in 2003 to overcome the limitations and thermal issues associated with the ATX standard. BTX motherboards are available in different sizes, including conventional, mini, and pico. Standard BTX boards typically measure 325 mm x 267 mm (12.8 in x 10.5 in). These have a different layout than ATX motherboards. They were created to optimize airflow and thermal management by arranging the key heat-generating components, such as the CPU and GPU, in a manner that allows for more efficient cooling. BTX motherboards include similar functionality and connectivity options to ATX boards, such as multiple USB ports, SATA connectors, integrated audio, and network interfaces.
Pico BTX motherboard
Pico BTX（平衡技术扩展）主板是 BTX 外形尺寸的小版本，专用于超紧凑型设备。Pico BTX 主板有 203 mm x 267 mm（8 英寸 x 10.5 英寸）的尺寸。这种紧凑的尺寸专为小型规格 (SFF) 机箱设计。
The Pico BTX (Balanced Technology eXtended) motherboard is a small version of the BTX form factor intended for ultra-compact devices. Pico BTX motherboards are available with 203 mm x 267 mm (8 in x 10.5 in) size. This compact size is designed for small form factor (SFF) cases.
与所有其他 BTX 外形尺寸一样，Pico BTX 主板也旨在优化气流和热管理。CPU 和其他重要的发热部件的位置与系统的气流路径对齐，该气流路径通常从前部进气口运行到后部排气口。
Pico BTX boards, like all other BTX form factors, are designed to optimize airflow and thermal management. The CPU and other important heat-generating components are positioned to align with the system’s airflow path, which typically runs from the front intake to the back exhaust.
Mini ITX motherboard
Mini-ITX（信息技术扩展）主板是由威盛电子于 2001 年推出的小外形尺寸。它专为小型规格 (SFF) 计算而创建，实现了尺寸、性能和实用性的平衡。Mini-ITX 主板尺寸为 170 毫米 x 170 毫米（6.7 英寸 x 6.7 英寸）。
A Mini-ITX (Information Technology Extended) motherboard is a small form factor introduced by VIA Technologies in 2001. It was created for small form factor (SFF) computing, achieving a balance of size, performance, and usefulness. Mini-ITX motherboards are 170 mm by 170 mm (6.7 in x 6.7 in) in size.
尽管尺寸紧凑，但 Mini-ITX 主板设计用于处理广泛的组件，使其适合广泛的计算要求，包括基本台式机使用、游戏和家庭影院个人电脑。
Despite its compact size, a Mini-ITX motherboard is designed to handle a wide range of components, making it appropriate for a wide range of computing requirements, including basic desktop use, gaming, and home theatre PCs.
Mini STX motherboard
2015 年，英特尔开发了 Mini-STX（小型插槽技术扩展）主板。它为小尺寸 (SFF) PC 提供了尺寸、性能和可升级性的理想结合。Mini-STX 主板尺寸为 147 mm x 140 mm（5.8 英寸 x 5.5 英寸）；Mini-STX 外形规格设计用于装入超紧凑式外壳，同时还能为不同的应用程序提供充足的性能。
In 2015, Intel developed the Mini-STX (Mini Socket Technology Extended) motherboard. It provides an ideal combination of size, performance, and upgradeability for small form factor (SFF) PCs. Mini-STX motherboards are 147 mm by 140 mm (5.8 in x 5.5 in) in size; the Mini-STX form factor is designed to fit in ultra-compact enclosures while yet delivering adequate performance for different applications.
Mini-STX 主板为超紧凑型、可升级的 PC 提供了独特的替代选择。它们的尺寸小且配备了插槽式 CPU，非常适用于 SFF 构建、家庭影院 PC 和其他空间受限但仍然需要性能和可升级性的应用程序。
Mini-STX motherboards offer a unique alternative for ultra-compact, upgradeable PCs. Their small size and socketed CPU make them excellent for SFF builds, home theatre PCs, and other applications where space is constrained but performance and upgradeability are still required.